With irregular 'ㄹ' verbs, the verb stem ends with 'ㄹ.' If this is followed by a construction which starts with 'ㄴ,' 'ㅂ,' or 'ㅅ,' the verb stem's 'ㄹ' is always eliminated. The verb stem stays unchanged when the grammatical construction proceeding the verb does not start with 'ㄴ,' 'ㅂ,' or 'ㅅ.'
Formation
The last consonant of the verb stem (which is ㄹ) is dropped when a grammatical construction starts with 'ㄴ,' 'ㅂ,' or 'ㅅ.'
Example Sentences
1.살다 (salda) - to live
살 (sal) - verb stem
사 (sa) - verb stem when followed by a construction starting with ㄴ,' 'ㅂ,' or 'ㅅ.'
사 + ㅂ니다 (sa + mnida) - formal politeness declarative.
여기에서 삽니다 (yeogi-eseo samnida)
(I) live here.
2.팔다 (palda) - to sell
팔 (pal) - verb stem
파 (pa) - verb stem when followed by a construction starting with ㄴ,' 'ㅂ,' or 'ㅅ.'
파 + 는 (pa + neun) - Adjectival Action Verb
수박 파는 곳이 없어. (subak pa-neun gos-i eopseo.)
There isn't a place that sells watermelons.
When asking a question in Korean, the most basic way to ask something is adding -아/어/여(요)? (-a/eo/yeo(yo)?) at the end of the verb stem. While this is a very commonly used sentence ending, people like to use a more indirect way to ask question. One of the ways to do this is to use the sentence ending -나요? (-nayo?), which has the nuance of asking oneself at the same time. So this ending, -나요? (-nayo?) is similar to saying "I wonder..." in English.
Although we can almost always use the basic sentence ending for questions where -나요? (-nayo?) can be used, people still like to use -나요? (-nayo?) because they hope to be less direct and accusing when asking a question. By using -나요? (-nayo?), one gets the feeling that the "accusing" energy is divided into two directions - half toward the other person and half toward oneself.
Formation
Verb stem + 나요?
This structure is basically used with action verbs.
하다 = 하 + 나요? = 하나요? (hanayo?) "Do you do...?"
읽다 = 읽 + 나요? = 읽나요? (ilknayo?) "Do you read...?"
We can use this sentence ending with the past tense and also the honorific suffix -시- (si)
하다 - Past Tense = 했다 = 했 + 나요? = 했나요? (haetnayo?) "Did you do...?"
읽다 - Past Tense = 읽었다 = 읽었 + 나요? = 읽었나요? (ilgeotnayo?) "Did you read...?"
하다 - Honorific = 하시다 = 하시 + 나요? = 하시나요? (hasinayo?) "Do you do...?"
읽다 - Honorific = 읽으시다 = 읽으시 + 나요? = 읽으시나요? (ilgeusinayo?) "Do you read...?"
Example Sentences
- 내일은 몇 시에 오시나요?
nae-il-eun myeot si-e osinayo?
"What time are you coming tomorrow?" - 다 왔나요?
da watnayo?
"Has everybody come?" - 이 식당은 뭐가 맛있나요?
i sikdang-eun mwo-ga masitnayo?
"In this restaurant, what is delicious?" - 신문을 매일 읽으시나요?
sinmun-eul maeil ilgeusinayo?
"Do you read the newspaper every day?" - 지금 밖에 눈 오나요?
jigeum bakk-e nun onayo?
"Is it snowing outside now?"
This grammatical pattern is used to mark the amount of time since one has or has not done a certain activity. It is used in conjunction with action verbs and time words and can be translated as "It's been (time) since..."
Mood, tense, negation, and politeness levels are expressed in the final verb 되다 (doeda).
Formation
- Action Verb stem + -ㄴ/은 지 + time word + 되다
자다 (jada) - to sleep
자 (ja) - verb stem
자 + ㄴ 지 + (time word) + 되다
잔 지 3일 됐어. (jan ji 3il doaesseo.) - It's been three days since I've slept.
Example Sentences
- 여기에서 일한 지 3달 됐어요. (It's been three months since I started working here.)
- 한국에 온 지 오래 됐어요. (It's been a long time since I came to Korea.)
- 담배 끊은 지 1주일 됐어요. (It's been three weeks since I quit smoking.)
Notes
1.The time word used in this construction must indicate a length of time either specific (i.e. 3 hours, 2 days, 12 years) or non-specific (i.e. a while, a few days). The time word cannot be a point in time (3 o'clock, April 2nd).
2.Since this construction is used to express an amount of time since one has done something, the final verb (되다) is almost always conjugated into the past tense.
해 is combined with the native numbers, and 년 is combined with the sino-Korean numbers. For years, using the sino-Korean numbers + 년 is more common, both in formal and informal situations. In fact, native numbers are usually used in formal situations.
Example Sentences
1 year = 한 해 (han hae) = 1년 (illyeon)
2 years = 두 해 = 2년 (inyeon)
3 years = 세 해 = 3년 (samnyeon)
4 years = 네 해 = 4년 (sanyeon)
5 years = 다섯 해 = 5년 (onyeon)
6 years = 여섯 해 = 6년 (yuknyeon)
7 years = 일곱 해 = 7년 (chillyeon)
8 years = 여덟 해 = 8년 (pallyeon)
9 years = 아홉 해 = 9년 (gunyeon)
10 years = 열 해 = 10년 (sipnyeon)
쪽 (jjok) is a word used to count sides and pages. A noun comes before the number to specify what is being talked about, but it can be omitted when you're answering a question.
Formation
(Noun) + Number + 쪽
Ex)
▷ a page of a book = 책 한 쪽 (chaek han jjok)
▷ a wall = 벽 한 쪽 (byeok han jjok)
Example Sentences
1. 몇 쪽 읽었어요? [읽다] (myeot jjok ilgeosseoyo)
- How many pages did you read?
2. 종이 한 쪽에만 프린트 해 주세요. [하다] (jongi han jjok-eman peurinteu hae juseyo)
- Please print on one side of the paper only.
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