- 기(를) 바라다 is the grammatical structure that means "I hope/I wish" and in Korean, the verb 바라다 takes an object (a noun or -기, the nominalized form of verbs) whereas in English one wishes 'for' or hopes 'for' something.
Formation
Verb stem + -기(를) 바라다
Ex)
오다 (oda - to come)
▷ 오(다) + 기를 바라다 = 오기를 바라다
▷ ▷ 오길 바래. = I hope you'll come.
Ex)
낫다 (natda - to get better (from an illness))
▷ 낫(다) + 기를 바라다 = 낫기를 바라다
▷ ▷ 빨리 낫길 바래요. = I hope you'll get better soon.
Example Sentences
1. 저도 그러기를 바래요. [그렇다] (jeo-do geureogil baraeyo)
- I hope so, too.
2. 그런 일이 없기를 바래요. [없다] (geureon il-i eopgi-reul baraeyo)
- I hope something like that wouldn't happen.
3. 행복하길 바래. [행복하다] (haengbokhagil barae)
- I wish you happiness.
4. 잊지 않길 바랄게. [잊다] (itji ankil baralge)
- I hope you won't forget it.
5. 내가 어떻게 해 주길 바래? [하다] (nae-ga eotteotke hae jugil barae?)
- What do you wish for me to do?
Notes
1. -기를 is often contracted to -길.
2. -기를 바라다 is often combined with the structure -ㄹ게(요).
Ex) -기를 바랄게
We use this grammatical pattern to set a timeline and express an action that occurs before another action. This pattern emphasizes the last action in the construction. We use the first action to give a time reference. We can translate this construction as "before (verb1), (verb2)."
We use this pattern to connect two verbs. We express politeness level, tense, negation, and mood through the second verb.
Formation
This construction uses two verbs. The second verb expresses the politeness level, tense, negation, and mood.
For Example:
[Verb 1 - verb stem] +기 전에 + [Verb 2]
Before [Verb 1], [Verb 2]
Verb 1 - 자다 (jada) – “to sleep”
자 (ja) - verb stem
Verb 2 - 먹다 (meokda) – “to eat”
자 + 기 전에 + 먹다
자기 전에 막다. (jagi jeon-e meokda) “Before sleeping, eat.”
자기 전에 먹었어. “I ate before sleeping.”
자기 전에 못 먹었어. “I couldn't eat before sleeping.”
Example Sentences
- 한국 가기 전에 러시아 갔습니다.
hanguk gagi jeon-e reosia gasseumnida.
"Before going to Korea, he went to Russia." - 자기 전에 책을 읽어.
jagi jeon-e chaek-eul ilgeo.
"Read a book before sleeping." - 저는 농구하기 전에 샤워했어요.
jeo-neun nongguhagi jeon-e syawohaesseoyo.
"Before playing basketball, I took a shower."
Notes
This grammatical construction is actually the nominalization of Verb 1 followed by the 전에 (jeone). 전 (jeon) means "before" and 에 (e) is the time marking particle.
- 기 쉽다/어렵다 (-gi swipda/eoryeopda) is used to describe something that is "easy/hard to + verb." Adding -기 at the end of a verb stem is one of the ways to nominalize a verb in Korean. -기 쉽다/어렵다 is sometimes used with the subject particle in it. In this case, it becomes -기가 쉽다/어렵다, but it's more common to hear -기 쉽다/어렵다.
Formation
▷ Construction
- Verb stem + -기 쉽다/어렵다
☆ Note that 쉽다 and 어렵다 take the ㅂ irregular conjugation.
Ex) 졸다 (jolda) - to fall asleep
▷ 졸 + -기 쉽다 = 졸기 쉽다
▷▷ 졸기 쉬워요. (It is easy to fall asleep.)
Ex) 읽다 (ilgda) - to read
▷ 읽 + -기 어렵다 = 읽기 어렵다 ▷▷ 읽기 어려워요. (It is hard to read.)
Example Sentences
1. 오늘은 추워서 감기 걸리기 쉬워요. (oneul-eun chuwoseo gamgi geolligi swiwoyo)
- It's cold outside today, so it's easy to catch a cold.
2. 그 수업은 너무 이해하기 어려워요. (geu sueop-eun neomu ihaehagi eoryeowoyo)
- That class is too hard to understand.
3. 너는 너무 사기 당하기 쉬워. (neo-neun neomu sagi danghagi swiwo)
- You'd fall for a fraud to easily.
4. 김치는 만들기 어려워요. (gimchi-neun mandeulgi eoryeowoyo)
- Kimchi is difficult to make.
5. 이 책은 글씨가 너무 작아서 읽기 어려워요. (i chaek-eun geulssi-ga neomu jagaseo ilggi eoryeowoyo)
- This book's print is too small, so it's difficult to read.
Notes
-기 어렵다 is often interchanged with -기 힘들다 (-gi himdeulda).
Ex)
- 찾기 어려워요. = 찾기 힘들어요.
- 먹기 어려워요. = 먹기 힘들어요.
- 기 시작하다 (-gi sijakhada) is the grammatical structure that means "to start doing something." It is often used along with the pattern -(아/어/여)지다 (-jida), which means "to become + adjective" and forms -(아/어/여)지기 시작하다.
Formation
▶ Action verbs
- Verb stem + -기 시작하다
Ex) 달리다 (dallida - to run)
▷ 달리 + -기 시작하다 = 달리기 시작하다
▷▷ 달리기 시작했어요. = I started running.
▶ Descriptive verbs
- Verb stem + -아/어/여 + -지기 시작하다
Ex) 조용하다 (joyonghada - to be quiet)
▷ 조용하 + -여 + 지기 시작하다 = 조용해지기 시작하다
▷▷ 조용해지기 시작했어요. = It started getting quiet.
Example Sentences
1. 어제부터 학교에 가기 시작했어요. [가다]
(eojeo buteo hakgyo-e gagi sijakhaesseoyo)
- I started going to school from yesterday.
2. 이번 달부터 시험을 준비하기 시작했어. [준비하다]
(ibeyon dalbuteo siheom-eul junbihagi sijakhaesseo)
- I started to prepare for the exam from this month.
3. Koreanclass101으로 한국어를 공부하기 시작했어요. [공부하다]
(koreanclass101-euro hangukeo-reul gongbuhagi sijakhaesseoyo)
- I started to study Korean with Koreanclass101.
4. 제 여동생이 예뻐지기 시작했어요. [예쁘다]
(je dongsaeng-i yeppeojigi sijakhaesseoyo)
- My younger sister has started to become pretty.
5. 내일부터 바빠지기 시작할 거예요. [바쁘다]
(naeil-buteo bappajigi sijakhalgeo-yeyo)
- I'll start to get busy from tomorrow.
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