- ㄹ/을 거야 (eul geoya) is the intimate politeness level of the structure -ㄹ/을 것이다. This is the same form as the intentional, but is not of the same meaning. While the intentional 거야 expresses an intention or a plan to do something in the future, here, when this grammatical structure can express a suppositive or assumptive statement about all tenses.
Formation
▶ Future / Present Tense
- Verb stem ending in a vowel + -ㄹ 것이다
- Verb stem ending in a consonant + -을 것이다
▶ Past Tense
- Verb stem + -았/었/였- + -을 것이다
▷▷ 것이다 becomes:
- 거야 (intimate)
- 거예요 or 것이에요 (standard)
- 겁니다 or 것입니다 (formal)
Example Sentences
1. 아마 그럴 거야. (ama geureol geo-ya.)
- I guess so.
2. 너는 모를 거야. (neo-neun moreul geo-ya.)
- I don't think you know.
3. 엄마는 놀랐을 거야. (eomma-neun nollasseul geo-ya.)
- I think my mom was surprised.
4. 내일도 올 수 있을 거야. (naeil-do ol su isseul geo-ya.)
- I think I'll be able to come again tomorrow.
5. 한 시간 정도 걸릴 거야. (han sigan jeong-do geollil geo-ya.)
- I guess it'll take about an hour.
Descriptive verbs can be made in noun modifiers and describe the nouns directly. The verb acts as an adjective to modify a noun that must follow immediately.
The translation for descriptive verbs typically start with "to be..." This construction would remove that from the literal translation.
Example:
작다 (jakda) - to be small
작은 (jakeun) - [a] small [noun]
Formation
Descriptive Verb Stem + -(은)ㄴ [noun]
-은 (-eun) is attached to descriptive verb stems that end in consonants.
(Example)
좋다 (johta) - to be good
좋 (joh) - verb stem
좋 + 은 = 좋은 (joheun)
좋은 [명사] - (a) good [noun]
좋은 사람 (joheun saram) - a good person
-ㄴ (-n) is attached to descriptive verb stems that end in vowels.
나쁘다 (nappeuda) - to be bad
나쁘 (nappeu) - verb stem
나쁘 + ㄴ = 나쁜 (nappeun)
나쁜 [명사] - (a) bad [noun]
나쁜 사람 (nappeun saram) - a bad person
Example Sentences
1.큰 사과 주세요. (keun sahwa juseyo)
Please give me a big apple.
2.이 사람이 바쁜 사람이에요. (i saram-i bappeun saram-ieyo.)
This person is a busy person.
3.이상한 질문이 있는데요. (isanghan jilmun-i itneundeyo.)
I have a strange question.
Notes
This noun modifier can be used with all politeness levels because another verb must follow, and that verb indicates the politeness level.
We use -(으)면서 [-(eu)myeonseo] to express two simultaneous actions taking place. We can translate this as “while.” It can also link two clauses, which are taking action at the same time.
We only use this construction with actions verbs. We express tense, negation, and politeness level in the final verb or clause. We can only use this construction with two simultaneous actions, not consecutive or subsequent actions.
Formation
Action 1 (verb stem) + -(으)면서 Action 2
I. Verb stems ending in consonants use -으면서
먹다 (meokda) "to eat"
먹 (meok) - verb stem
먹 + -으면서
먹으면서 영화를 봐요.
meogeumyeonseo yeonghwa-reul bwayo.
"While eating, I watch a movie."
II. Verb stems ending on vowels use -면서
자다 (jada) "to sleep"
자 (ja) - verb stem
자 + -면서
자면서 말해요.
jamyeonseo malhaeyo.
"While I sleep, I talk."
Example Sentences
- 노래 들으면서 그림 그려요.
norae deuleumyeonseo geurim geuryeyo.
"I am drawing a picture while I am listening to the music." - 밥 먹으면서 티비 봐요.
bap meokeu myeonseo tibi bwayo.
"I am watching TV while I am eating." - 기다리면서 아이스크림 먹어요.
gidarimyeonseo aiseukeurim meokeoyo.
"I am eating ice cream while waiting."
This makes a standard verb (descriptive or action) 존댓말, honorific speech. It's not used necessarily only towards people who are in the conversation, but is used very widely in order to lift up (honor) the topic of the sentence, a person or group of people.
Formation
To make a verb honorific, take the verb stem, and add -시 or -(으)시. And this is now the honorific form of the verb in the dictionary form.
-시다 is used for verbs ending on vowels.
아프다 (apeuda) - to be hurt
아프 - verb stem
아프 + 시다 - verb stem + honorific infix
아프시 + conjugation
아프시 + 입니다 (verb stem + formal politeness level conjugation)
아프십니다.
(으)시 is used with verb stems ending in consonants.
괜찮다 (gwenchanta) - to be ok, to be alright
괜찮 - verb stem
괜찮 + 으시 - verb stem + honorific infix
괜찮으시 + conjugation
괜찮으시 + 어요 - verb stem + standard politeness level conjugation)
괜찮으셔요.
Example Sentences
1.이쪽으로 오세요.
(i jjok-euro oseyo.)
Please come this way.
2.한국으로 가셨어요?
(hanguk-euro gasyeosseoyo?)
Did you go to Korea?
3.선생님이 아프셔요.
(seongsaengnim-i apeusyeoyo.)
My teacher is sick.
Notes
Note: The difference between honorifics and politeness levels: Politeness levels are verb conjugations used for the relationship between the speaker and the listener(s). Honorifics are words/infixes/conjugations/etc. that are used to respect the topic of the sentence (whomever the speaker is speaking of).
*** -시 + 어요 can become both 세요 and 셔요 - it was originally 셔요
but 세요 has become more common because it's easier to pronounce
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