We use the volitional form to express intention on the part of the speaker or to invite someone to do something in informal situations. Specifically, we use when asking someone if one would like to do something with the speaker, or with a group that includes the speaker. In English, we can translate this as, "shall we...?" In addition to inviting someone to do something, we also use it to ask for one's opinion, view, or appraisal about a certain fact. In this specific usage, we can translate it as "will it be (verb)?" This form is a sentence ender.
Formation
-ㄹ/을까요? - (-l / eulkkayo) - Standard Politeness Level
-ㄹ/을까? - (-l / eulkkayo) - Intimate Politeness Level
I. We use -ㄹ까요? (-lkkayo?) with verbs that end in vowels.
For example:
보다 (boda) "to see, to watch"
보 - verb stem
보 + ㄹ까요? (bo + lkkayo)
볼까요? (bolkkayo?) "Shall we watch?" (Standard Politeness Level)
볼까? (bolkka?) "Shall we watch?" (Intimate Politeness Level)
II. We use -을까요? (-eulkkayo?) with verbs that end in consonants.
For example:
재미있다 (jaemiitda) "to be fun, to be interesting"
재미있 (jaemiit) - verb stem
재미있 + -을까요 (jaemiit) + (-eulkkayo?)
재미있을까요? (jaemiisseulkkayo?) "Will it be fun?" / "What do you think?" (Standard Politeness Level)
재미있을까? (jaemiisseulkka?) "Will it be fun?" / "What do you think?" (Intimate Politeness Level)
Example Sentences
- 우리 오늘 영화 볼까요?
uri oneul yeonghwa bolkkayo? (Standard Politeness Level)
"Shall we see a movie today?" - 숙제를 했을까요?
sukje-reul haesseulkkayo? (Standard Politeness Level)
"Will (he) have done the homework?" ("What do you think?") - 이 책이 재미있을까?
i chaek-i jaemiisseulkka? (Intimate Politeness Level)
"Will this book be interesting?" ("What do you think?") - 광주로 갈까?
gwangju-ro galkka? (Intimate Politeness Level)
"Shall we go to Gwangju?"
We use -(이)랑[-(i)rang] to link nouns in coordination in a sentence. We can translate it as "with," or "and," both of which must be implied from context. -(이)랑 links the nouns in consecutive order. We can use -(이)랑 with as many nouns as desired. However, we must link it to each noun in coordination.
When we use this particle with one noun, a non-present noun is assumed to be connected to the linked noun. In this case, we still translate it as "with" or "and."
This particle is interchangeable with -하고 (-hago).
Formation
-랑 attaches to nouns that end in vowels.
-이랑 attaches to nouns that end in consonants.
Example Sentences
- 선생님이랑 밥 먹었어요.
seonsaengnim-irang bap meogeosseoyo.
“I ate with the teacher.” - 밥이랑, 찌개랑, 갈비랑, 김치 먹었어요.
bap-irang, jjigae-rang, galbi-rang, gimchi meogeosseoyo.
“We ate rice, stew, galbi, and kimchi.”
Please note: -(이)랑 is suffixed to all the nouns in the sequence.
Related Expressions
-하고 (-hago)
-와/과 (-wa/gwa)
-(이) 라도 (-irado) is a particle which can be translated as "at least," or "even if it's just...." It is attached to the end of nouns. The noun that this particle -라도 (-rado) is attached to is what is "at least." A verb is not necessary, but a complete sentence usually conveys a full complete idea, whereas having (noun)라도 would require some inference from the listener.
The words 저거도 (jeogeodo) and 최소한 (choesohan) also mean "at least" as well, but they are used as noun modifiers. (이)라도 is used as a particle.
Formation
(명사) + (이)라도
(Noun) + (i)rado
-라도 (-rado) is used with nouns that end in vowels.
쥬스 (juseu) - Juice
쥬스 + 라도
쥬스라도 (juseu-rado) - At least juice
-이라도 (-irado) is used with nouns that end in consonants.
물 (mul) - water
물 + 이라도
물이라도 - at least water
Example Sentences
1. 전화번호라도 주세요.
Please give me at least your phone number.
2. 명함이라도 주세요.
Please give me at least your business card.
-(이) 라는 (iraneun) came from "(이)라고 하는" which is equivalent to "called as" in English. It is used to indicate or refer to something or someone by the name. -라는 is used for a noun that ends in a vowel, and -이라는 is used for a noun that ends with a consonant.
Formation
Noun ending in a vowel + 라는
- 제주도 (jejudo) - Jeju Island
▷ 제주도 + 라는
▷ 제주도라는 (jejudo-raneun) = (a place) called Jeju Island
▷▷ 제주도라는 섬을 알아요? (jejudo-raneun seom-eul arayo?)
= Do you know an island called Jejudo?
Noun ending in a consonant + 이라는
- 떡국 (ttokguk) - rice cake soup
▷ 떡국 + 이라는
▷ 떡국이라는 (tteokguk-iraneun) - (something) called Tteokguk
▷▷ 떡국이라는 한국 음식을 먹었어요. (tteokguk-iraneun hanguk eumsik-eul meogeosseoyo)
= I ate a Korean dish called Tteokguk.
Example Sentences
1. 대구라는 도시를 아세요? [알다] (daegu-raneun dosi-reul aseyo?)
= Do you know a city called Daegu?
2. 저는 Koreanclass101이라는 대학교에 다녀요. [다니다] (jeo-neun Koreanclass101-iraneun daehakgyo-e danyeoyo)
= I go to a university called Koreanclass101.
3. 어제 잡채라는 한국 음식을 먹었어요. [먹다] (eoje japchae-raneun hanguk eumsik-eul meogeosseoyo)
= I ate a Korea dish called Japchae yesterday.
4. 민수라는 사람이 전화했어. [전화하다] (minsu-raneun saram-i jeonhwahaesseo)
= Someone called Minsu called.
5. '한국어 배우기'라는 책 있어요? [있다] (hangugeo baeugi-raneun chaek isseoyo?)
= Do you have the book called "Learning Korean"?
-(이)나 [-(i)na] is a particle, which attaches to nouns. It has a number of usages that can change the translation.
Usages:
1. It is a particle which separates two nouns to express different options. It is used as "or."
(e.x. 일요일이나 월요일 - Sunday, or Monday)
2. When it is used with only one noun, the latter half is assumed and is usually translated as "or something."
(e.x. 숙제나 해! - Do your homework, or something)
3. When used in conjunction with time phrases, the time given is an approximation. (이)나, in this situation, is often translated as "about" or "approximately."
(e.x. 몇 시간이나 걸렸어요? - About how many hours did it take?)
4. It can be used to express one's missed expectations. In this situation it is used when it is much more than one expects. When used in this manner it gives off the nuance "much more than I expected."
(그 영화는 3시간이나 걸렸어요. - That movie lasted 3 hours, much more than I expected.)
Formation
-(이)나 [-(i)na] is a particle and is attached to the end of nouns. For all the following constructions, -이나 (-ina) is used with nouns ending in consonants, and -나 (-na) is used with words ending in vowels.
Usage 1
명사 + -(이)나 + 명사
myeongsa + -(i)na + myeongsa
noun + or + noun
매일 한국어이나 영어를 공부해요. (maeil hangukeo-ina yeongeo-reul gongbuhaeyo.)
I study Korean or English everyday.
Usage 2
명사 + -(이)나 + 명령형 동사
myeongsa + -(i)na + myeongnyeonghyeon dongsa
noun + or + imperative verb
숙제나 해! (sukjena hae!)
Do your homework, or something!
Usage 3
시간 표현 + -(이)나
sigan pyohyeon+ -(i)na
time phrase + about
몇 시간이나 걸렸어요? (myeot sigan-ina geollyeosseoyo?)
About how many hours did it take?
Usage 4
표현 + -(이)나
pyohyeon + -(i)na
phrase + (more than I expected)
그 영화는 3시간이나 걸렸어요. (geu yeonghwa-neun se sigan-ina geollyeosseoyo.)
That movie lasted 3 hours (much more than I expected).
Example Sentences
1. 커피나 마시러 갈래요?
(keopi-na masireo galraeyo?)
Do you want to go drink some coffee or something?
2. 책이나 잡지를 많이 읽어요.
(chaek-ina japji-reul manni ilgeoyo.)
I read books or magazines a lot.
3.유럽이나 아프리카에 가고 싶어요.
(yurob-ina apeurika-e gago ipeoyo.)
I want to go to Europe or Africa.
These words are used to describe an indefinite place/thing/person/time/reason. It is used when the speaker is not sure of details, or when the speaker does not wish to be so specific. These words can be translated as "somewhere," "someone," "something," "sometime," and "some reason."
Formation
These are the interrogative words with -ㄴ가 or -ㄴ지 suffixed to the end. However, it is recommended that these be learned as set phrases, not as conjugations. The conjugations are provided below as a reference.
Interrogative + -ㄴ가/-ㄴ지
1.어디 + -ㄴ가 = 어딘가
eodi + -nga = eodinga
where -> somewhere
2.누구 + -ㄴ가 = 누군가
nugu + (-nga) = nugunga
who -> someone
3.뭐 + -ㄴ가 = 뭔가
mwo + (-nga) = mwonga
what -> something
4.언제 + -ㄴ가 = 언젠가
eonje + (-nga) = eonjenga
when -> sometime
5.왜 + -ㄴ지 = 왠지
wae + (-nji) = waenji
why -> some reason
Example Sentences
1. 나 어딘가 여행 하고 싶다. (na eodinga yeohaeng hago sipda.)
I want to travel somewhere.
2. 누군가한테 시켜! (nugunga-hante sikyeo!)
Tell someone to do it!
3. 유석 씨의 얼굴에 뭔가 묻었어요. (yuseok ssi-ui eolgul-e mwonga mudeosseoyo.)
Yuseok, you have something on your face.
4.문제 있으시면, 언젠가 연락 해도 돼요. (munje isseusimyeon, eonjenga yeollak hae-do dwae yo.)
If you ever have any problems, you can contact me anytime.
5.요즘 왠지 피곤해요. (yojeum waenji pigonhaeyo.)
These days, I'm tired for some reason.
Notes
These words are often contracted to simply their interrogative forms in speech. In the context of a sentence, they are nearly indecipherable from their interrogative counterparts because they have the same pronunciations. However, they can be differentiated from the different stresses in a sentence.
어딘가 --> 어디 (somewhere --> where)
누군가 --> 누구 (someone --> who)
뭔가 -->뭐 (something --> what)
Examples:
1.뭐 마실래요? (with stress on 뭐) - What do you want to drink?
2.뭐 마실래요? (with stress on 마실래요) - Do you want to drink something? [뭔가 마실래요?]
1.누구 왔어요? (with stress on 누구 ) - Who came?
2.누구 왔어요? (with stress on 왔어요) - Did somebody come? [누군가 왔어요?]
1.어디 가세요? (with stress on 어디) - Where are you going?
2. 어디 가세요? (with stress on 가세요) - Are you going somewhere? [어딘가 가세요?]
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