-(으) 면 안 되다 (-(eu)myeon an doeda) is a verb ending that means "should not" or "must not." Here, 되다 (doeda) literally means "to become" and has the meaning of "things work out well" and "things go smoothly." So -(으)면 안 되다 literally means "if you do it, it's a problem." When it's used in a question, this structure can also ask for permission, translated to "Can't I ...?" or "Can I ...?"
Formation
Verb Stem + -(으)면 안 되다
뛰다 (ttwida) "to run"
뛰 (ttwi) - verb stem
뛰 + 면 안 되다 = 뛰면 안 되다 (ttwimyeon an doeda)
뛰면 안 돼요. (ttwimyeon an dwaeyo) "You shouldn't run."
자다 (jada) "to sleep"
자 (ja) - verb stem
자 + 면 안 되다 = 자면 안 되다 (jamyeon an doeda)
자면 안 돼요? (jamyeon an dwaeyo?) "Can't I sleep?"
Example Sentences
1. 늦으면 안 돼요. (neujeumyeon an dwaeyo) "You shouldn't be late."
2. 술 마시면 안 돼요. (sul masimyeon an dwaeyo) "You must not drink alcohol."
3. 내 일기 보면 안 돼. (nae ilgi bomyeon an dwae) "You shouldn't read my diary."
4. 여기 들어가면 안 돼요. (yeogi deureogamyeon an dwaeyo) "You shouldn't go in here."
5. 나 도와주면 안 돼? (na dowajumyeon an dwae?) "Can't you help me?"
This grammatical construction expresses negative obligation in Korean. It is used with all verbs (both action and descriptive) to express what one must not do or must not be. It is a combination of the conditional (면), the negative adverb (안), and the verb to become (되다). This grammatical structure can be translated as "if (someone) doesn't (verb), it can't be" - or more simply: "must not (verb)."
The final verb 되다 (doeda) can often be replaced with the verb 하다 (hada) as the final verb and still hold the same exact meaning.
The tense and politeness level is regularly expressed in the verb 되다 (doeda)/하다 (hada). Negation, however, is regularly expressed in the first verb.
Formation
Verb Stem + (으)면 안 되다
(으) is used with verb stems that end in consonants.
Example: 읽다 (to read)
읽 (ilk) - verb stem
읽 + 으면 안 되다
읽으면 안 되다 (ilgeumyeon an doeda) - You must not read it. (If you read it, it can't be.)
Example Sentences
1.당신이 떠나면 안 돼요! (dangsin-i tteonamyeon an dwaeyo!)
You must not leave! (If you leave, it can't be!)
2.그 사람을 만나면 안 돼요. (geu saram-eul mannamyeon an dwaeyo.)
You must not meet that person. (If you meet that person, it can't be.)
3.그 화장실 쓰면 안 돼. (geu hwajangsil sseumyeon an dwae.)
You must not use that bathroom. (If you use that bathroom, it can't be.)
Notes
The final verb -되다 (-doeda) cannot inflect the past tense. Instead the past tense must be inflected using the verb 하다 (hada) - in place of 되다 (doeda).
When you want to say "the more A, the more B" in Korean, you can use the structure -(으)면 -(으)ㄹ수록 (-(eu)myeon -(eu)lsurok). For the part "the more A," in Korean, you repeat the same verb in the structure -(으)면 -(으)ㄹ수록, as in the example below.
Formation
가다 (gada) "to go"
가 + 면 + 가 + ㄹ수록 = 가면 갈수록 (gamyeon galsurok) "the more I go,..."
보다 (boda) "to see, to look at, to watch"
보 + 면 + 보 + ㄹ수록 = 보면 볼수록 (bomyeon bolsurok) "the more I see it,..."
Example Sentences
1. 생각하면 생각할수록, 정말 부러워요.
saenggakhamyeon saenggakhalsurok jeongmal bureowoyo.
The more I think about it, the more jealous I feel.
2. 자주 보면 볼수록 친해질 거예요.
jaju bomyeon bolsurok chinhaejil geo-yeyo.
The more you see each other, the closer you will get.
3. 들으면 들을수록 이 노래가 좋아질 거예요.
deureumyeon deureulsurok i norae-ga joajil geo-yeyo.
The more you listen to it, the more you will like this song.
4. 쓰면 쓸수록 편해요.
sseumyeon sseulsurok pyeonhaeyo.
The more you use it, the more convenient it is.
5. 자주 오면 올수록 좋아요.
jaju omyeon olsurok joayo.
The more often you come, the better.
-(으) 면 -(으)ㄹ수록 ((eu)myeon (eu)lsurok) is the grammatical structure that can express the English pattern "the more A, the more B." The ending -(으)면 makes a conditional clause, and -(으)ㄹ수록 is the main part that expresses "the more A, the more B". And the tense is expressed through the clause that follows this structure.
Formation
Verb stem + -(으)면 + (the same) verb stem + -(으)ㄹ수록
(** Note that the same verb is used twice in the structure. But the first half of the structure is often dropped when you want to keep the sentence short.)
Ex) 먹다 (meokda - to eat)
- 먹 + 으면 + 먹 + 을수록 = 먹으면 먹을수록 (the more I eat, the ... )
Ex) 하다 (hada - to do)
- 하 + 면 + 하 +ㄹ수록 = 하면 할수록 (the more I do it, the ... )
Example Sentences
1. 이 치즈케익은 먹으면 먹을 수록 맛있다. [먹다, 맛있다] (i chijeu keik-eun meogeumyeon meogeulsurok masita)
- The more I eat this cheesecake, the more delicious it is.
2. 이 책은 읽으면 읽을 수록 더 재미있어. [읽다, 재미있다] (i chaek-eun ilgeumyeon ilgeulsurok deo jaemisseo)
- The more I read this book, the more interesting this book is.
3. 술은 마시면 마실 수록 더 마시고 싶어져. [마시다, 싶다] (sul-eun masimyeon masilsurok deo masigo sipeojyeo)
- The more you drink, the more you want to drink.
4. 공부를 하면 할수록 바보가 돼. [하다, 되다] (gongbu-reul hamyeon halsurok babo-ga dwae)
- The more you study, the more foolish you become.
5. 그 사람은 알면 알수록 모르겠어. [알다, 모르다] (geu saram-eun almyeon alsurok moreugesseo)
- The more I get to know him, the less I know about him.
-(으) 면 is used to indicate supposition, assumption as well as condition. It is equivalent to 'if' or 'when' in English. So the sentence which contains -(으)면 indicates the condition for the clause that comes after. And if 만일, 만약, is added usually in front of the sentence to indicate an advance signal of the condition, it emphasizes the suppositional condition.
Formation
Verb stem ending in a consonant + -으면
- 좋다 (jota) - to be good
▷ 좋 + 으면 = 좋으면
= if it's good
▷ 이거 좋으면, 가져갈래요. (igeo joeumyeon gajjyeogallaeyo)
If this is good, I am going to take it.
Verb stem ending in a vowel + -면
- 가다 (gada) - to go
▷ 가 + 면 = 가면
= if I go
▷ 만약 내가 가면 넌 어떻게 할거야? (manyak nae-ga gamyeon neon otteoke hal geoya?)
If I go, what are you going to do?
Example Sentences
1. 니가 안 가면 나도 안 갈 거야. [가다]
(ni-ga an gamyeon na-do an gal geo-ya)
= If you are not going, I am not going to go, either.
2. 빨리 준비하지 않으면 나 혼자 갈 거야. [준비하다, 가다]
(ppalli junbihaji aneumyeon, na honja gal geo-ya)
= If you don't get ready quickly, I'm going to go by myself.
3. 고장나면 나한테 말해. [고장나다, 말하다]
(gojangnamyeon na-hante malhae.)
= If it's broken, tell me.
4. 그것이 너무 비싸면, 이것은 어때요? [비싸다, 어떻다]
(geugeos-i neomu bissamyeon, igeos-eun eottaeyo?)
= If that one is too expensive, how about this one?
5. 만약 내가 전화 안 하면, 먼저 밥 먹어. [전화하다, 먹다]
(manyak nae-ga jeonhwa an hamyeon, meonjeo bap meogeo)
= If I don't call you, go ahead and eat first.
-(으) 로 (-(eu)ro) is a particle that indicates selection. It serves the same purpose as the object marker in many cases, but since this particle has the original meaning "toward" or "to," which represent directions, even when it is used as the selection particle, it has a nuance of "leaning toward a choice." Therefore, -(으)로 has a narrower meaning than -을/를 and cannot always replace -을/를. -(으)로 is used and translated like the object markers -을 and -를, but it specifies the characteristics of the aforementioned topic and shows selection.
Formation
Nouns ending in a vowel + -로
Ex) 피자 + -로 = 피자로
Nouns ending in a consonant + -으로
Ex) 빨간색 + -으로 = 빨간색으로
Example Sentences
1. 오늘 저녁은 피자로 먹자. [먹다] (oneul jeonyeok-eun pija-ro meokja)
- Let's have pizza for dinner tonight.
2. 여기에서 제일 맛있는 것으로 주세요. [주다] (yeogi-eseo jeil masitneun geos-euro juseyo)
- Please give me the most delicious one here.
3. 빨간색으로 보여 주세요. [보이다] (ppalgan saek-euro boyeo juseyo)
- Please show me a red one.
4. 더 큰 것으로 가지고 오세요. [가지고 오다] (deo keun geos-euro gajigo oseyo)
- Please bring something bigger.
5. 새 책으로 사세요. [사다] (sae chaek-euro saseyo)
- Please buy a new book.
Notes
-(으)로 has several usages, like many other particles in Korean. The following lists the main usages of the particle -(으)로:
1. 방향 (direction)
- ex) 바다(sea) + 로 = 바다로 (to the sea)
- ex) 집(house) + 으로 = 집으로 (to the house)
2. 재료 (material)
- ex) 나무(wood) + 로 = 나무로 (out of wood)
- ex) 금(gold) + 으로 = 금으로 (in gold)
3. 수단 (means)
- ex) 자동차(car) + 로 = 자동차로 (by car)
- ex) 창문(window) + 으로 = 창문으로 (through the window)
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