The grammatical construction – -ㄴ/은/는데 means “but," “however,” “so,” “and.” But -ㄴ/은/는데 (-n/eun/neunde) can also convey to the listener that a consequent and relevant statement is immediately coming.
When a sentence ends with -ㄴ/은/는데, this means the speaker is indicating a different idea or another possibility, or it can be a signal for feedback. It must be interpreted from context what the speaker is inferring.
This sentence structure is often used for linking sentences together in order to tell a story.
미안해 누나. 이 방이 더운데… (성풍기를 켜줘.)
(mianhae nuna. i bang-I deounde…)
Sorry sister. This room is a little hot… (so please turn on the fan.)
이거는 맛있는데… (너무 싱거워.)
igeo-neun masineunde… (neomu singgeowo)
This is delicious… (but it’s too bland)
이거는 맛있는데… (너는 어떻게 생각 해?)
[igeo-neun masineunde… (neo-neun eotteoke saenggak hae?)]
This is delicious… what do you think?
As seen in the last two examples, it must be inferred from context what the speaker is indicating.
Formation
You can attach
(a) -ㄴ데 to a descriptive verb stem ending in a vowel (present tense). This also attaches to the copula.
활발 하다 – (hwalbal hada) – to be lively, to be active, to be full of life
활발 하 – (hwalbal ha) – verb stem
화발 한데… - (hwalbal hande…) – [(He) is full of life…]
(b) -은데 to a descriptive verb stem root ending in a consonant (present tense).
귀찮다 – (gwichanta) – to be annoying
귀찮 – (gwichan) – verb stem
귀찮은데… - (gwichanheunde…) – [(It) is annoying…]
(c) -는데 to a verb stem (action verbs, and all verbs in forms other than the present tense)
쉬다 – (swida) – to rest
쉬 - (swi) - verb stem
쉬는데… - (swineunde…) – [(She) is resting…]
Example Sentences
1.이거 무거운데, 들어줘.
(igeo mugeounde, deuleojwo)
This is heavy, so please hold it for me.
2.저는 한국어를 공부하는데, 너무 재미있어요.
((hangukeo-reul gongbuhaneunde, neomu jaemiisseoyo.)
I’m studying Korean, and it’s so fun.
3.나 부탁 하나 있는데…
(na butak hana ineunde…)
I have a favor… (inference: please honor it, or please listen)
Notes
The verb 이다 becomes '인데'
Verb inflections are inflected before the addition of -ㄴ/은/는데.
(e.g. past tense inflection: 봤는데)
If this structure is used as sentence ending, the politeness marker –요, can be added to the end (-ㄴ/은/는데요).
- ㄴ/은/는 척 하다 (n/eun/neun cheok hada) means "to pretend" in English. 척 works as a noun that means 'the act of pretending' and is combined with the verb 하다 to make the meaning of 'to pretend'. 척 can be replaced with 체 to mean the same thing.
Formation
Verb stem + -ㄴ/은/는 척 하다
Verb stem + -ㄴ/은 척 하다 [past tense]
Verb stem + -는 척 하다 [present tense]
보다 (to see)
▶ 보 + 는 척 하다 = 보는 척 하다 (to pretend to see) [present tense]
▶ 보 + ㄴ 척 하다 = 본 척 하다 (to pretend to have seen) [past tense]
읽다 (to read)
▶ 읽 + 는 척 하다 = 읽는 척 하다 (to pretend to read) [present tense]
▶ 읽 + 은 척 하다 = 읽은 척 하다 (to pretend to have read) [past tense]
▶ Verb stems ending in -ㄹ lose -ㄹ and are followed by -ㄴ/는 instead of -은.
Ex) 놀다 = 놀은 척 (x) 노는 척 (o)
▶ ㅂ -irregular verb stems
- 줍다 (to pick up)
- 줍는 척 하다 (to pretend to pick up)
- 주운 척 하다 (to pretend to have picked up)
Example Sentences
1. 어제 민수한테 인사했는데, 못 본 척 했어.
- I said hi to Minsu, but he pretended not to see me.
2. 내 친구는 항상 예쁜 척을 하는데, 인기가 없어.
- My friend always pretends to be pretty, but she's not popular.
3. 우리집 강아지는 배고픈 척, 불쌍한 척, 아픈 척을 잘 해.
- My dog is good at pretending to be hungry, pitiful, and sick.
4. 나는 잘난 척하는 사람을 싫어해.
- I hate people who boast(pretend to be important) a lot.
5. 곰이 달려와서, 나는 죽은 척을 했어.
- A bear ran to me, so I pretended to be dead.
- ㄴ/은/는 것 같다 (n/eun/neun geot gatda) is a verb ending that expresses one's opinions in a moderate way. 같다 (gatda) literally means "it's like" or "it's the same as." Instead of using the verb 생각하다 (saenggakhada), which means "to think," Korean people use the expression -ㄴ/은/는 것 같다 (n/eun/neun geot gatda). This makes the statement a little less straightforward since the speaker is just saying that it "looks like" or "seems" to be that way.
Formation
Present Tense: Action Verbs
Verb Stem + -는 것 같다
오다 (oda) "to come"
오 (o) - verb stem
오 + 는 것 같다 = 오는 것 같다 (oneun geot gatda)
오는 것 같아요 (oneun geot gatayo) "I think it's coming."
모르다 (moreuda) "to rise"
모르 (moreu) - verb stem
모르 + 는 것 같다 = 모르는 것 같다 (moreuneun geot gatda) "I think he doesn't know."
Present Tense: Descriptive Verbs
Verb Stem + -ㄴ 것 같다
예쁘다 (yeppeuda) "to be pretty"
예쁘 (yeppeu) - verb stem
예쁘 + ㄴ 것 같다 = 예쁜 것 같다 (yeppeun geot gatda)
에쁜 것 같아요 (yeppeun geot gatayo) "I think it's pretty."
Past Tense: Action Verbs
Verb Stem + -ㄴ/은 것 같다
도착하다 (dochakhada) "to arrive"
도착하 (dochakha) - verb stem
도착하 + ㄴ 것 같다 = 도착한 것 같다 (dochakhan geot gatda)
도착한 것 같아요 (dochakhan geot gatayo) "I think we've arrived."
Future Tense:
Verb Stem + -ㄹ/을 것 같다
사다 (sada) "to buy"
사 (sa) - verb stem
사 + ㄹ 것 같다 = 살 것 같다 (sal geot gatayo)
살 것 같아요 (sal geot gatayo) "I think I'll buy it."
Example Sentences
그런 것 같아요.
geureon geot gatayo
"I think so."
늦은 것 같아요.
neujeun geot gatayo
"I think we're late."
비싼 것 같아요.
bissan geot gatayo
"I think it's expensive."
여기 없는 것 같아요.
yeogi eopneun geot gatayo
"I think it's not here."
내일 못 갈 것 같아요.
naeil mot gal geot gatayo
"I don't think I will be able to go tomorrow."
- ㄴ/는 감이 있다 (n/eun gam-i itda) is the grammar structure used to mean that something is "kind of" in a certain state or to express what you "feel" about a object/state/action. 감 (gam) comes from the Chinese character (感), which means feeling, therefore the phrase is translated like "I feel that it is ..." or "I think it's kind of ...".
Formation
Verb stem + -ㄴ/은/는 감이 있다
Ex) 비싸다 (bissada - to be expensive)
- 비싸 + ㄴ 감이 있다
= 비싼 감이 있다 (It is somewhat expensive.)
Ex) 이르다 (ireuda - to be early)
- 이르 + ㄴ 감이 있다
= 이른 감이 있다 (I feel that is is a bit early.)
Example Sentences
1. 영화가 좀 너무 단순한 감이 있어. [단순하다] (yeonghwa-ga jom neomu dansunhan gam-i isseo)
- This movie is somewhat too simple.
2. 저 선생님 수업은 지겨운 감이 있어서 싫어요. [지겹다, 싫다] (jeo seonsaengnim sueop-eun jigyeoun gam-i isseoseo ireoyo)
- That teacher's class is kind of boring so I don't like it.
3. 좀 늦은 감이 있지만... [늦다] (jom neujeun gam-i itjiman)
- Although I feel that it's a bit late...
4. 이 배우는 연기력이 부족한 감이 있어요. [부족하다] (i baeu-neun yeongiryeok-i bujokan gam-i isseoyo)
- I feel that this actor is lacking some acting skills.
5. 바가지 쓰는 감이 있지만, 그냥 살래. [바가지 쓰다, 사다] (bagaji sseuneun gam-i itjiaman, geunyang sallae)
- I kind of feel that it's a rip-off, but I'll still buy it.
- ㄴ/은 다음에 (-eun daeum-e) is the grammatical structure that expresses "after + verb." Similar to the English "after + -ing" form, the tense of the sentence is not expressed in the structure. Instead, it is expressed through the verb that comes after it. 다음 (daeum) means "next," and -ㄴ/은 changes the verb to the adjective form.
Formation
Verb stem ending in a vowel + -ㄴ 다음에
Ex) 오다 (oda - to come)
- 오 + ㄴ 다음에 = 온 다음에 (after coming, after you come)
- 너 온 다음에 비가 왔어. (After you came, it rained.)
Verb stem ending in a consonant + -은 다음에
Ex) 먹다 (meokda - to eat)
- 먹 + 은 다음에 = 먹은 다음에 (after eating, after you eat)
- 밥 먹은 다음에 어디 갈 거야? (After we finish eating, where are we going?)
Example Sentences
1. 술 마신 다음에 노래방 가자. [마시다, 가다]
(sul masin daeum-e noraebang gaja)
- After drinking, let's go to the singing room.
2. 일어난 다음에 전화해. [일어나다, 전화해]
(ireonan daeum-e jeonhwahae)
- Call me after you get up.
3. 집에 간 다음에 바로 잠들었어. [가다, 잠들다]
(jib-e gan daeum-e baro jamdeureosseo)
- I fell asleep right after I went home.
4. 목욕한 다음에 청소할 거야. [목욕하다, 청소하다]
(mokyokhan daeum-e cheongsohal geo-ya)
- I will clean the room after taking a bath.
5. 시험 본 다음에 술을 마셨어요. [보다, 마시다]
(siheom bon daeum-e sul-eul masyeosseoyo)
- I drank alcohol after I took the test.
This construction is added onto the end of descriptive verbs. This grammatical structure is used when a piece of information is processed in one's mind, and the resulting thought is expressed. Using this construction expresses "I think…," "it seems like…," or "it seems to be."
Formation
(a) Descriptive Verbs ending in a consonant
많다 (manta) – Descriptive Verb – to be many
많 (manh) – Verb Stem
믾 + 은 것 같다
(verb stem) + (은 것 같다)
많은 것 같다 – "it seems like there are many," "(I) think there are many."
(b) Descriptive Verbs ending in a vowel
편하다 (pyeonhada) – Descriptive verb – to be comfortable
편하 (pyeongha) – Descriptive Verb – Verb Stem
편하 + ㄴ 것 같다
(verb stem) + (ㄴ 것 같다)
편한 것 같다 – "it seems to be comfortable," "I think (it) is comfortable."
Example Sentences
아저씨 집은 비싼 것 같아요.
(ajeossi jip-eun bissan geot gatayo.)
Mister, your house seems to be expensive.
성민은 수줍어 하는 것 같아.
(seongmin-eun sujubeo haneun geot gata.)
Seongmin seems to be shy.
현철은 바쁜 것 같다.
(hyeoncheol-eun bappeun geot gatta).
HyeonCheol seems to be busy.
(Negation)
오스틴은 아픈 것 같지 않다.
(oseutin-eun apeun geot gatchi
Austin does not seem to be hurt.
오스틴은 아프지 않은 것 같다.
Austin seems like he is not hurt.
Notes
The resulting ending (같다) can be conjugated according to politeness level or tense, just like any verb.
같다 (gatta) is an independent word, which expresses "to be like," and "to be similar."
The negation (-지 않다) can be expressed in both the final verb (같다) or the main verb with –ㄴ(은).
- ㄴ/는지 (-n/neunji) is a grammatical structure which can be translated as "whether or not." This construction is used in contexts of gaining information, or conveying information gathered.
When used in an interrogative context, it is used to discover new information.
When used in the imperative context, it is used to discover information.
When used in the affirmative context, it is used to convey information gathered.
It attaches to verbs (both descriptive and action) and is typically followed cognitive verbs (알다 - to know, 모르다 -to not know), information verbs (확인하다 - to check, 조사하다 - examine, etc.), or speaking verbs (묻다 - to ask, 말 하다 - to say).
Typically this construction is applied twice to a single verb/noun and another option (which is typically the opposite). However, often, the other option is dropped, and implied.
Formation
Verb Stem + -ㄴ/는지 + [cognitive/speaking/information verb]
[Conjugation differs slightly [according to the verb stem.]
1.Verb Stem that ends in a vowel + ㄴ지
바쁘다 (bappeuda) - to be busy
바쁘 - verb stem
바쁘 + ㄴ지 + [cognitive/speaking/information verb]
바쁜지 + [cognitive/speaking/information verb]
바쁜지 안 바쁜지 알아? (bappeunji an bappeunji ara?)
Do you know whether (he) is busy or not?
2.Verb Stem that ends in a consonant + 는지
괜찮다 (gwenchanta) - to be alright
괜찮 - verb stem
괜찮 + 는지 + [cognitive/speaking/information verb]
괜찮는지 + [cognitive/speaking/information verb]
괜찮는지 안 괜찮는지 몰라요. (gwenchanhneunji an gwenchanhneunji mollayo.)
I don't know whether (it) is good or not.
3.Nouns + 인지
책 (chaek) - book
책 + 인지 + [cognitive/speaking/information verb]
이거 책인지 잡지인지 알아봐. (igeo chaek-inji japji-inji arabwa.)
In this scenario 인지 is actually the copula 이다 (ida) conjugated by construction #1.
Example Sentences
1.그 사람 좋은지 안 좋은지 몰라.
I don't know whether that person is good or not.
2.그 사람 좋으지 몰라.
I don't know whether that person is good (or not).
3.저 아가씨한테 시간 있는지 물어 보자.
Ask that young woman whether she has some free time (or not).
4.냉장고 안에 먹을 것이 있는지 모르겠어요.
I don't know whether there's something to eat (or not).
5.이것이 스페인어인지, 프랑스인지 모르겠어요.
I don't know whether this is Spanish or French.
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