명 (myeong) is a word used to count people. It can come after numbers and also 몇 (myeot), the interrogative adjective, to ask "how many people". A noun specifying the social title or the identity of the person usually comes before the number, but it can be omitted when you're answering a question.
Ex)
A: 친구 몇 명 있어? (chingu myeot myeong isseo? - How many friends do you have?)
B: 두 명 있어. (du myeong isseo - I have two (friends).)
Formation
(Nouns specifying a social status or a position) + Number + 명
Ex)
▷ 3 friends = 친구 세 명 (chingu se myeong)
▷ 3 teachers = 선생님 세 명 (seonsaengnim se meyong)
▷ 10 taxi drivers = 택시 기사 열 명 (taeksi gisa yeol myeong)
Example Sentences
1. 몇 명 정도 왔어요? (myeot myeong jeongdo wasseoyo?)
- About how many people came?
2. 다섯 명 앉을 자리 있어요? (daseot myeong anjeul jari isseoyo?)
- Are there seats for five people to sit?
3. 한 명만 오세요. (han myeong-man oseyo)
- One person, come over here, please.
먼저 (meonjeo) means, "first" or "before" someone or something. We can use 먼저 (meonjeo) to indicate the order of certain actions or to start a speech or conversation. When we use it to start a speech, it's understood as "before anything" or "first of all."
Formation
- 먼저 (meonjeo) + 가 (ga) = "first" + "you go"
"You go first." ("I'll go after you.") - 먼저, 와 주셔서 감사합니다
meonjeo, wa jusyeoseo gamsahamnida
"First of all, thank you for coming."
Example Sentences
1.먼저, 할 말이 있어요.
Meonjeo, hal mal-i isseoyo.
First, I have something to tell you.
2. 먼저 말해.
Meonjeo malhae.
You say it first.
3.먼저 나가.
Meonjeo naga.
You go out first.
4. 먼저 하기 싫어.
Meonjeo hagi sireo.
I don't want to do it first.
5. 먼저 갈게.
Meonjeo gal-ge.
I'm leaving first (before you).
There are times when it is difficult to emphasize a certain part of your sentence just by using a different intonation. In that case, a common sentence ending that Korean people use is 말이다 (mal-ida). Since 말이다 literally means 말 ("language," "word," "story") + 이다 ("to be"), this sentence ending takes the meaning of "I'm saying" or "What I'm saying is."
Formation
When you use it with nouns or adverbs alone, [Noun/Adverb + 말이다] emphasizes or introduces which topic you are talking about.
For Example:
- 저 말이에요.
"I'm talking about myself."
When you use it with active or descriptive verbs, in the form of [Verb stem + -ㄴ다는 or (-ㄴ단) 말이다], it emphasizes or introduces what you are trying to say to the other person.
For Example:
- 어제도 갔단 말이에요.
"I went there yesterday too!"
When you use it in the question form, it shows that you want to make sure that you understood the other person or the situation correctly.
Example Sentences
1. 오늘은 쉬는 날이란 말이에요.
oneul-eun swi-neun nal-iran mal-ieyo.
Don't you know? It's a holiday today."
2. 이것도 모른다는 말이야?
igeot-do moreundaneun mal-iya?
You mean you don't even know this?
3. 저 말이에요?
jeo mal-ieyo?
Are you talking about me?
4. 어제 말이에요...
eoje mal-ieyo.
Um, about yesterday...
5. 어제도 만났단 말이에요.
eoje-do mannatdan mal-ieyo.
You know what? I met him yesterday, too.
Second-person pronouns are those which refer to the listener. Each word has their own nuance, and specific relationship for which they should be used.
너 (neo) - 'You' - Singular - Generally, this second-person pronoun is used by a speaker who holds a great deal of power in the relationship, or when both speakers share an equal amount of power in the relationship. This word is used when the speaker does not feel the need to respect the listener. (i.e. extremely close friends, older people talking to younger people, people of high positions)
Note: A boss would not use this word because respect would be necessary in an office atmosphere (even with the difference in social hierarchy).
너 희 (neohui) - 'You' - Plural - This would be used in situations when a speaker is addressing a group and when he or she holds the power in the relationship. Just like the singular 너 (neo), it would be used when the speaker does not feel the need to respect the other party. In most cases it is used towards children.
Note: 너희 (neohui) is often followed by the pluralizing suffix 들 (deul).
당 신 (dangsin) - 'You' - Singular - A second-person pronoun that is often used for (1) neutrality and distance (2) a term of endearment between a couple (typically married) (3) speaking in a condescending or confrontational manner.
Note: 당신 (dangsin) is politer than 너 (neo), but is still not considered very polite because it is too direct to refer to someone as 'you' unless the two parties are on familiar terms. Therefore it is often used to confront strangers, or those that have no prior relationship.
Example Sentences
너 (neo) - 'You' - Singular
너 밥 먹었어? (Did you eat?)
▷This sentence can generally be used for the following relationships: close friends, older people talking to younger people (when they are familiar), classmates of the same age, etc.
너희 (neohui) - 'You' - plural
너희들 뭐 해?! (What are you doing?)
▷This sentence can generally be used for the following relationships: a mother scolding her children, a teacher scolding students.
당신 (dangsin) - 'You' - singular
(1) neutrality and distance
당신의 가족을 생각 하세요! (Think of your family!)
▷This sentence may be found in an advertisement.
(2) a term of endearment between a couple (typically married)
당신... 사랑해요. (Dear... I love you.)
Because it is used as a term of endearment, it can also be translated as 'dear' in this situation.
(3)Speaking in a condescending or confrontational manner.
당신이 버렸잖아요! (You threw it away!)
▷This sentence may be used to be confrontational with two people who are not on very close terms.
- 만큼 (makeum) is used to indicate an extent or a degree, by comparing the subject or object to something else. It comes after a noun and it means 'as much as' or 'equal to'.
Formation
(1) Noun + -만큼
♣ 손예진 (Son Yejin) - a Korean actress
▷ 손예진 + -만큼
▷ 손예진만큼 (Son Yejin-mankeum) - as much as Son Yejin
▷▷ 저는 손예진만큼 예뻐요. (na-neun SonYejin-mankeum yeppeoyo)
= I am as pretty as Son Yejin.
♣ 그것 (geugeot) - that
▷ 그것 + 만큼
▷ 그것만큼 (geugeot-mankeum) - as much as that
▷ 이것은 그것만큼 좋지 않아요. (igeos-eun geugeotm-ankeum jochi anayo)
= This one is not as good as that one.
(2) Verb A + -ㄴ/는/은/ㄹ/을 + 만큼 + Verb B
♣ Verb A should be in the adnominal form to modify 만큼, and this structure can be translated as "Verb A + so much that + Verb B" or "Verb A + enough to + Verb B".
▷ 놀라다 (Verb A - to be surprised) + 비싸다 (Verb B - to be expensive)
▷▷ 놀랄 만큼 비싸다 = to be expensive enough to be surprising
▷ 날아가다 (Verb A - to fly away) + 세다 (Verb B - to be strong)
▷▷ 날아갈 만큼 바람이 세다 = The wind is so strong that I might fly away.
Example Sentences
1. 나는 장동건만큼 멋있어. [멋있다] (na-neun jangdonggeon-mankeum meosisseo)
= I am as cool as Jangdonggeon is.
2. 이 케익은 스위스 쵸코렛만큼 맛있어. [맛있다] (i keik-eun seuwiseu chokoret-mankeun masisseo)
= This cake is as delicious as Swiss chocolate is.
3. 서울은 홍콩만큼 야경이 예뻐요. [예쁘다] (seoul-eun hongkong-mankeum yagyeong-i yeppeoyo)
= Seoul has a night view as beautiful as the one that Hongkong has.
4. 제가 돈 낸 만큼 주세요. [내다, 주다] (je-ga don naen mankeum juseyo)
= Please give me as much as I paid mone for.
5. 놀랄 만큼 빨라요. [빠르다] (nollal mankeum ppallayo)
= It's fast enough to surprise you.
When you want to suggest that you would or would have done something differently "if only" something had been in a different way, you use this grammatical structure. It comes from the verb -가 아니다 (-ga anida), which means "to not be" something, and we add it to the end of a noun to literally mean "only if it weren't + noun" or "if only it hadn't been + noun" to make the phrase conditional.
To add the nuance of "only if" to the expression, you add -만 (man), which means "only." So the entire structure becomes -만 아니면 (-man animyeon).
- 만 (man) is a particle used to indicate how much time has passed since a previous action happened or a state began until the present moment, when another action is happening or the state is changing. There isn't a direct translation for this particle that always works, but it is usually translated as "it has been + time" or "after/in + time." The form time + 만 is a noun, so -에 can be attached to it to modify an action.
Formation
Time + -만 + 이다
- 1년 (1 year) + 만 + 이다
- 1년만이에요 = It's been one year.
Time + -만 + 에
- 3달 (three months) + 만 + 에
- 3달만에 한국에 왔어요. = I came back to Korea three months after I left.
Example Sentences
1. 3일만에 집에 돌아왔어요. [돌아오다] (samilman-e jib-e dorawasseoyo)
- He came back home after three days (of not coming home).
2. 한달만에 학교에 갔어요. [가다] (handalman-e hakgyo-e gasseoyo)
- I went to school after one month (of not going there).
3. 1년만에 만났어요. [만나다] (ilnyeonman-e mannasseoyo)
- We hadn't met for a year.
4. 얼마만이지? [이다] (eolmamaniji?)
- How long has it been?
5. 5년만에 다시 영어 공부를 시작했어요. [시작하다] (onyeonman-e dasi yeongeo gongbu-reul dasi sijakhaesseoyo)
- I started studying English again after not studying it for 5 years.
gomawo...really hepl ful :)
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