- 부터 (-buteo) is a particle which marks a point in time or a certain location in which a certain action starts. It can be translated as "from," "since," or "starting from."
When used location words it is typically followed by another location word and the particle 까지 (kkaji), the time/location point marker. 부터 (buteo) marks a place where a movement has started, and the other particle 까지 (kkaji) marks where are movement has ended.
Formation
Time word / Location word + 부터
Time word
어제 (eoje) - yesterday
어제 + 부터 = 어제부터 (eojebuteo) - Since yesterday
어제부터 피곤했어. (eojebuteo pigonhaesseo.)
I was tired since yesterday.
Location word
학교 (hakgyo) - school
학교 + 부터 = 학교부터 (hakgyobuteo) - starting from school
학교부터 집까지 걸었어. (hakgyo-buteo jip-kkaji georeosseo.)
I walked from school to home.
Example Sentences
1.2 시부터 일했어. (du si-buteo ilhaesseo.)
I worked since 2 o'clock.
2.집부터 회사까지 자전거 탔어요. (jip-buteo hoesa-kkaji jajeongeo tasseoyo.)
I rode a bicycle from home to the office.
Related Expressions
까지 - time/location marking particle.
보다 (boda) works like the English word “than” and we use it in comparison sentences. But whereas the English word “than” comes before the word that is being the target of comparison, the Korean word 보다 comes right after the word without any spacing. When you want to compare verbs, you need to make the verb into its noun form before combining it with 보다.
Formation
[Noun] + 보다
나 (na) – “I”
나보다 – “than I” / “than me”
[Noun Form of The Verb] + 보다
생각하다 (saenggakhada) – “to think”
생각한 것보다 – “than I thought”
생각하는 것보다 – “than thinking”
Example Sentences
- 너보다 내가 똑똑해. [똑똑하다]
neo-boda nae-ga ttokttokhae.
“I'm smarter than you.” - 이것보다 싼 거 있어요? [싸다] [있다]
igeot-boda ssan geo isseoyo?
“Do you have anything cheaper than this?” - 라면보다 밥이 맛있어요. [맛있다]
ramyeon-boda bab-i masisseoyo.
“Rice is more delicious than noodles.” - 버스보다 택시가 편해요. [편하다]
beoseu-boda taeksi-ga pyeonhaeyo.
“Taxis are more convenient than buses.” - 오늘보다 내일이 좋아요. [좋다]
oneul-boda naeil-i joayo.
“Tomorrow is better than today.”
Notes
We often add 더 (deo) before the descriptive verb or adverb to emphasize the meaning.
The verb -버리다 (-beorida) means "to throw away." However, when it is used in conjunction with another verb, it can add two different nuances to the main verb.
1. To do something completely.
2. To do something unintentionally.
Formation
아/어/여 conjugation + 버리다.
1.가다 -> 가 + 아 -> 가 +버리다 = 가 버리다
2.잊다 -> 잊 + 어 -> 잊어 + 버리다 = 잊어 버리다
3.하다 -> 하 + 여 -> 해 + 버리다 = 해 버리다
Example Sentences
1.말해 버리다.
(malhae beorida)
To say something that should not have been said. Or to tell someone completely.
2.책을 사 버리다
(sa beorida)
To buy the book, when there was no intention of buying that book.
3. 가 버리다.
(ga beorida)
To go away completely (to be out of sight).
- 도 되다 (do doeda) is a grammatical construction that asks for, or gives permission to conduct a certain activity. This construction can be translated as "May I... (verb)?" or "Is it alright to (verb)," when it is used as a question. When it is used to give someone permission, it can be translated as "You may (verb)" or "It's alright if you (verb)." It is used in conjunction with action verbs. The final verb, 되다 expresses tense and politeness level.
Negation occurs in the front of the construction before the verb. The negation of this structure can be translated as "May I not (verb)?" or "Is it ok if I don't (verb)" when used to ask for permission. When it is used to allow someone, or to tell someone they don't have to do something it can be translated as "You don't have to (verb)."
Formation
Action Verb Stem + 아/어/여 Conjugation + 도 되다
자다 (jada) - to sleep
자 + 아 + 도 되다
자 + 도 되다 (아 + 아 = 아 - contraction)
자도 되다 - To be allowed to sleep.
선생님. 제 머리가 아파요. 저 자도 돼요? (Teacher. My head hurts. May I sleep?)
Example Sentences
1.아빠, 나 밥 다 먹었어. 나 컴퓨터 써도 돼요?
(Dad, I finished eating. May I use the computer?)
2.지윤 씨도 와도 돼요.
(Jiyun may also come.)
3.저 내일 전화해도 돼요?
(May I call tomorrow?)
4.이거 안 마셔도 돼?
(Is it alright if I don't drink this?)
The particle -도 (-do) is used to express that a statement already expressed holds true for another noun. If a statement is issued, and that statement holds true for another person or thing, the particle -도 (-do) is used. This particle is attached directly to the noun it is modifying. This correlates to the English words "too" and "also."
Formation
This is a very simple particle to use. It is simply suffixed at the end of the noun it is modifying.
For example:
Sentence1: 저는 선생님입니다. (jeo-neun seonsaengnim-imnida) - I am a teacher.
Sentence2: 저도 선생님입니다. (jeo-do seonsaengnim-imnida) - I am also a teacher.
Here the topic marking particle -은/는 (-eun/-neun) is replaced by the augmentative particle -도 (-do).
Example Sentences
Sentence1: 저는 선생님입니다. (jeo-neun seonsaengnim-imnida) - I am a teacher.
Sentence2: 우리 누나도 선생님입니다. (uri nuna-do seonsaengnim-imnida) - My sister is also a teacher.
Sentence1: 저는 추워요. (jeo-neun chuwoyo) - I'm cold.
Sentence2: 미지 씨도 추워요. (minji-ssi-do chuwoyo) - Minji is also cold.
This reported speech is used when the outcome of something is contrary, or is something unexpected to what the listener had thought or believed. Because it is contrary to the speaker's thoughts or beliefs, it can be translated as "Didn't you say (reported speech)."
This reported speech is used with people on casual speaking terms.
Formation
The speech that is being reported, must be changed to the plain declarative (if the reported speech ends in a verb).
(Plain Declarative version of the reported speech) + 더니
"나 호주가기 싫어." (I don't want to go to Australia.)
호주 가기 싫어 (present tense, intimate politeness level)
호주 가기 싫다 (plain declarative)
호주 가기 싫다 + 더니
호주 가기 싫다더니. (hoju gagi silta-deoni).
Didn't you say you didn't want to go to Australia?
When reporting nouns that end in consonants, the construction is as follows:
Noun (ending in consonant) + 이라더니
처음 (cheoeum) - first time
처음 + 이라더니
처음이라더니 (cheoeumiradeoni)
Didn't you say it was your first time?
When reporting nouns that end in vowels, the construction is as follows:
Noun (ending in consonant) + 이라더니
친구 (chingu) - friend
친구 + 라더니
친구라더니 (chinguradeoni)
Did't you say she's a friend?
Example Sentences
1.공부한다더니, 여기 왜 있어? (gongbuhandadeoni, yeogi wae isseo?)
You said you were studying, what are you doing here?
2.모른다더니, 어떻게 하는거야? (moreudadeoni, eotteoke ha-neungeoya?)
You said you didn't know, how are you doing it?
3.처음이라더니. (cheoeumiradeoni.)
Didn't you say it was your first time?
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