마다 (-mada) is a particle which attaches to nouns, and is used to express "every (noun)" or "each (noun)."
Formation
(명사) + 마다
(Noun) + mada = Each (noun), Every (noun)
1.날 (nal) - day
날 + 마다
날마다 (nal-mada) - every day, each day
2.사람 (saram) - day
사람 + 마다
사람마다 (saram-mada) - every person, each person
Example Sentences
1.날마다 - everyday, each day
나마다 달라요. (It's different everyday.)
2.해마다 - every year, each year
해마다 해운대 갑니다. (Each year I go to Haeundae.)
3.집집마다 - Every home, every home.
집집마다 불만이 있었어요. (There was a complaint for each home.)
Notes
집집마다 - 집 (jip, home), is used twice when used in conjunction with the particle 마다 (mada, each/every)..
곳곳마다 - 곳 (got, place), is used twice when used in conjunction with the particle 마다 (mada, each/every).
-(이) 라도 ((i)lado) is a grammatical structure that expresses "even," "even just" or "at least." It is often used along with words of suggestion.
Formation
(명사) + (이)라도
(Noun) + (i)rado
▶ -라도 (-rado) is used with nouns that end in vowels.
쥬스 (juseu) - Juice
쥬스 + 라도
쥬스라도 (juseu-rado) - at least some juice
▶ -이라도 (-irado) is used with nouns that end in consonants.
물 (mul) - water
물 + 이라도
물이라도 - at least some water, even just some water
Example Sentences
1. 심심하면 공부라도 해! [하다] (simsimhamyeon gongbu-rado hae)
If you are bored, at least do some studying.
2. 우리 점심이라도 같이 먹어요. [먹다] (uri jeonsim-irado gachi meogeoyo)
Let's have lunch together or something (even though we don't have much more time to spend together).
3. 내 거라도 빌려 줄까? [빌려 주다] (nae geo-rado billyeo julkka?)
Do you want me to at least lend you mine (even though it's not a good one)?
4. 나라도 괜찮다면... [괜찮다] (na-rado gwaenchantamyeon)
If it's okay even if it's me...
5. 영화라도 볼까? [보다] (yeonghwa-rado bolkka?)
Shall we at least watch some movies (although we don't have much to do)?
This construction adds onto the end of reported phrases and is often used to reiterate a statement out of astonishment, bewilderment, surprise, or disbelief. It is used to report the listener's speech back to them, and is presented as a form of a question. This reported speech cannot be used to quote someone outside of the conversation. Because of the nuance this construction contains, this construction can be translated as "What do you mean (quote)?"
This construction is only used with close friends, and should not be used with those who are not on unfamiliar terms. This phrase can be somewhat confrontational, and therefore, cannot be used with people who are not on casual speaking terms.
Example Sentences
1. '그런데'라니? ('geureondea'rani?)
What do you mean"but"?
2. '가기 싫다'니, 무슨 말이야? ('gagi silhtani'ni, museun maliya?)
What do you mean 'you don't want to go'?
- 는/은커녕 (-neun/eunkeonyeong) negates the noun or verb that it follows and leads to revealing another fact by comparing the noun or verb with another noun or verb that comes after. It is often used in pair with -도 못 or -도 안 in the later part of the sentence. -는/은커녕 follows a noun, so a verb has to be in its noun form of -기 and be followed by -는 커녕. This grammatical phrase is translated as 'let alone' or 'not even that'.
Formation
▶ [ Noun ] + -는/은커녕
밥 + -은커녕 = 밥은커녕
일본어 + -는커녕 = 일본어는커녕
▶ [ Verb Stem ] + -기는커녕
놀다 + -기는커녕 = 놀기는커녕
오다 + -기는커녕 = 오기는커녕
Example Sentences
1. 그는 소주는커녕 맥주도 못 마셔요. [마시다]
- (geu-neun soju-neunkeonyeong maekju-do mot masyeoyo.)
- I can't even drink beer, let alone soju.
2. 우리는 데이트는커녕 얼굴 보기도 힘들어요. [힘들다]
- (uri-neun deiteu-neunkeonyeong eolgul bogi-do himdeureoyo.)
- We can't even see each other often, let alone dating.
3. 요즘은 공부는커녕 신문도 못 읽어요. [읽다]
- (yojeum-eun gongbu-neunkeonyeong sinmun-do mot ilgeoyo.)
- I can't even read newspapers, let alone studying.
4. 글을 고치기는커녕, 실수를 더 많이 했어요. [고치다] [하다]
- (geul-eul gochigineunkeonyeong, silsu-reul deo mani haesseoyo.)
- I made even more mistakes, rather than correcting the writing.
고치기=fix 실수=mistake 더=more 했어요=was 고치다=change
5. 칭찬은커녕 야단만 맞았어요. [맞다]
- (chingchan-eunkeonyeong yadan-man majasseoyo.)
- I only got scolded rather than getting compliments.
Notes
-는 고사하고 (neun gosahago) can be used to replace -은/는커녕, but only when -은/는커녕 follows a noun.
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