(으) 러 is a non-final ending for action verbs. It is used to convey the purpose of an action. It is used in conjunction with movement verbs and shows the purpose of that 'movement.' These movement verbs are typically in the form of either 오다 (oda) - to come, or 가다 (gada) - to go, and their variations.
This structure can be translated as 'in order to.'
Formation
[Verb1] verb stem + (으)러 + [Verb2] movement verb
-러 is used for verb stems ending in vowels.
-으러 is used for verb stems ending in consonants (except verb stems which end with the consonantㄹ)
Example:
1.사다 (sada) - to buy - the verb of purpose [Verb1]
가다 (gada) - to go - movement verb [Verb2]
Verb1 stem + 러 + Verb 2
사 + 러 + 가다
사러 가다
2.먹다 (meokda) - to eat - the verb of purpose [Verb1]
오다 (oda) - to come - movement verb [Verb2]
Verb1 stem + 으러 + Verb 2
먹 + 으러 + 오다
먹으러 오다
Tense, and/or negation are inflected in Verb2, the movement verb.
Example Sentences
1.만나러 가요.
(mannareo gayo.)
(I)'ll go (in order) to meet (him.)
2.공부 하러 왔어요.
(gongbu hareo wasseoyo.)
(I) came (in order) to study.
3.점심 먹으러 왔어요.
(jeomsim meokeureo wasseoyo.)
We came (in order) to eat.
4.책 사러 학교 간다고 했어.
(chaek sareo hakgyo gandago haesseo.)
He said he was going to school (in order) to buy a book.
-(으)니까 (nikka) is a conjunction that we use to combine two clauses together. This cause indicates that the first clause is the reason the second clause happened or occurred.
We can translate -(으)니까 (nikka) as "because," "since," or "so."
We use -(으)니까 when expressing a reason, along with -기 때문에 (gi ttaemune) and -서 (seo). While we usually use the other two to express reasons related to the past tense, we usually use -(으)니까 to express a future decision or a command, or when we use it to discuss a past action, it expresses something that was rightfully supposed to be that way.
Formation
으니까 is attached to the end of clauses that end in consonants.
(Clause 1)으니까 (Clause 2)
For example:
- 매운 것을 못 먹으니까, 김밥 만들자.
"They can't eat spicy food, so let’s make gimbap."
니까 is attached to the end of clauses that end in vowels.
(Clause 1)니까 (Clause 2).
For example:
- 할머니 지금 가니까 인사 드려.
"Your grandmother's leaving, so say bye."
Example Sentences
- 오늘은 더우니까 에어컨 트세요.
oneul-eun deounikka eeokeon teuseyo.
"Today is hot, please turn on the air conditioner." - 비 오니까 가지 말자.
bi onikka gaji malja.
"It's raining, so let's not go." - 이 영화 재미 없으니까 다른 영화 보자.
i yeongwha jaemi eopseunikka dareun yeonghwa boja.
"Let's watch a different movie, this movie is boring." - 햄버거는 어제 먹었으니까 오늘은 다른 거 먹어.
haembeogeo-neun eoje meogeosseunikka, oneul-eun dareun geo meogeo.
"You ate hamburger yesterday, so eat something different today."
Notes
Sometimes, we can leave out the second clause and simply infer it from the context.
We can use the verb 주다 as the requestive when it's in an imperative sentence or in a question. We use the requestive to request to an action from someone and we use it in conjunction with action verbs. The action we request is always a request on behalf of, or for the sake of a person (the speaker, a third party, etc.) or an entity (a group, a school, etc.). The request we make must be on behalf of another party.
We can literally translate this phrase as "please do (verb) for (me)." We can conjugate the final verb 주다 (juda), which literally means "to give," according to tense, politeness level, and negation.
We can replace the final verb 주다 (juda) with its humbling version, 드리다 (deurida) in this grammatical construction. To use the humbling version, simply replace 주다 with 드리다 and use the same grammatical pattern.
When the action itself is 주다 (“to give”) however, you use 주다 only once.
For example:
- Incorrect:줘 주다
- Correct:주다
- Formation
(Action Verb + 아/어/여) 주다
(하다 + 아/어/여) 주다
(hada + a/eo/yeo) juda
해 주다 (hae juda) - "do for me"
지금 해 줘.
“Please do it for me now.”
- Example Sentences
- 엄마! 밥 해 줘!
eomma! bap hae jwo!
"Mom! Make me some food!" - 좋은 남자 소개해 주세요.
joheun namja sogaehae juseyo.
"Please introduce me to a good man." - 할머니 생일 선물 사 드릴게요.
halmeoni saengil seonmul sa deurilgeyo.
"I'll buy you a birthday present, Grandma." - 죄송한데요... 문 좀 열어 주실래요?
joesonghandeyo... mun jom yeoreo jusillaeyo?
"I'm sorry, but...would you please open the door?" - 내일 전화해 줘.
naeil jeonhwahae jwo.
"Call me tomorrow."
Notes
When we use this construction in the question along with the grammatical pattern -ㄹ/을까 (요) [-l / eulkka (yo)], the speaker is asking if he/she should perform that specific action on behalf of the other person. When used as a question, we can translate it as, "Should /Shall I (verb) for you?"
For example:
- 지워 줄까?
jiwo julkka?
“Shall I erase it (for you)?” - 나가 줄까?
naga julkka?
“Do you want me go outside (so that you can do things in private)?”
** Note: It is also possible to say 지워 줘 and 나가 줘 to mean the same thing as the sentences above. This is quite common, but it's more correct and clearer to say 지워 줄까 and 나가 줄까?
I. -서 (-seo) is a non-final ending that we use when one subject performs one action and then another action. We can translate it as, "(verb1) and (verb2)." And as the order suggests, the verbs occur in the order they appear in the sentence.
II. In addition to doing two actions at once, we can use -서 (-seo) to indicate cause or reason. In this usage, it almost always requires a descriptive verb before -서 (-seo). We can translate this as, "(verb1) so (verb2)." We express tense and negation in (verb 2).
- Formation
I. We use -아서 (-eoseo) with verbs that have a either the vowel ㅗ (o) or ㅏ (a) in the verb stem's final syllable.
For example:
- 가다 (gada) "to go"
가 (ga) - verb stem - 오다 (oda) "to come"
오 (o) - verb stem
Note: We often fuse -아 (-a) in -아서 (-aseo) into verb stems if the verb stem doesn't end in a consonant.
II. We use -어서 (-aseo) with verbs that have any vowel other than the vowels ㅗ (o) or ㅏ (a) in the verb stem's final syllable.
For example:
- 늦다 (neutda) "to be late"
늦 (neut) - verb stem - 크다 (keuda) "to be big"
크 (keu) - verb stem
Note:We often fuse -어 (-eo) in -어서 (-eoseo) into verb stems if the verb stem doesn't end in a consonant.
III. We use -여서 (-yeoseo) with 하다 (hada) verbs.
Note: We fuse -여 (-yeo) in -여서 (-yeoseo) into 하 (ha) - the verb stem of 하다 (hada). This results in 해 (hae).
- Example Sentences
Use #1
- 앉아서 먹어요. (anjaseo meogeoyo.) "Sit and eat."
(앉다) + (먹다) - (anta) + (meokda) - "sit" + "eat"
앉 (anj) - verb stem
앉 + 아서 (anj + seo)
앉아서 + 먹다 (anjaseo + meokda)
앉아서 먹어요.
anjaseo meogeoyo.
"Sit and eat." - 집에 와서 잤어요. (jip-e waseo jasseoyo.) "I came home and slept."
(오다) + (자다) - (oda) + (jada) - "to come" + "to sleep"
오 (o) - verb stem
오 + 아서 - (o + aseo)
와서 (waseo) +자다 (jada)
집에 와서 잤어요.
"I came home and slept."
Use #2bogo sipeoseo jeonhwahaesseoyo.) "I missed you, so I called." ("I called because I missed you.")
(보고 싶다) + (전화하다) - (bogo sipda) + (jeonhwahada) - "to miss (someone)" + "to call"
보고 싶 (bogo sip) - verb stem
보고 싶 + 어서 (bogo sip + eoseo)
보고 싶어서 전화했어요.
bogo sipeoseo jeonhwahaesseoyo.
"I missed you, so I called." ("I called because I missed you.")
- 피곤해서 집에 갔어요. (pigonhaeseo jib-e gasseoyo.) "I was tired, so I went home." ("I went home because I was
tired.")
(피곤하다) + (가다) - (pigonhada) + (gada) - "to be tired" + "to go"
피곤하 (pigonha) - verb stem
피곤하 + 여서 (pigonha + yeoseo)
피곤해서 (pigonhaeseo) +가다 (gada) - "to go"
피곤해서 집에 갔어요.
pigonhaeseo jib-e gasseoyo.
"I was tired, so I went home." ("I went home because I was tired.") - Notes
For situations in which you make suggestions as to what to do and say -자 or -ㅂ시다, you use -(으)니까, and can't use -아/어/여서.
For example:
- Incorrect:오늘은 추워서, 집에 있자
- Correct:오늘은 추우니까, 집에 있자
For situations in which you connect two separate actions in logical order and say, "I did XX because I did YY," you can use both -기 때문에 and -아/어/여서.
However, when you are apologizing for a past action, you can't say -기 때문에, but must use -아/어/여서 + 죄송합니다/미안해요/미안해.
For example:
- Incorrect:늦게 왔으니까 미안해.
- Correct:늦게 와서 미안해.
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