이 렇게/저렇게/그렇게 (ireoke/jeoreoke/geureoke) originally means "like this/like that/like it." However, when we use it before other adverbs or adjectives, it emphasizes the words. Instead of "like this/like that/like it," it's translated as "this + adverb/adjective," as in the example 이렇게 많이 (ireoke mani) which means "this many" or "this much."
Formation
이렇게 / 저렇게 / 그렇게 + Adjective/Adverb
1. 많이 (mani) "a lot, many, much" [adverb]
A. 이렇게 + 많이 = 이렇게 많이 (ireoke mani) "this much/many"
B. 저렇게 + 많이 = 저렇게 많이 (jeoreoke mani) "that much/many"
C. 그렇게 + 많이 = 그렇게 많이 (geureoke mani) "that/so much/many"
Example Sentences
이렇게 비싼 옷은 싫어요.
ireoke bissan os-eun sireoyo
"I don't want clothes that are this expensive."
왜 이렇게 늦었어요?
wae ireoke neujeosseoyo?
"Why are you so late?"
그렇게 재미있어요?
geureoke jaemisseoyo?
"Is it that much fun?"
뭐가 그렇게 웃겨요?
mwo-ga geureoke utgyeoyo?
"What's so funny?"
저렇게 큰 공룡은 처음 봤어요.
jeoreoke keun gongryong-eun cheoeum bwasseoyo
"It's my first time to see a dinosaur that's that big."
이 거 (igeo), 그거(geugeo), 저거(jeogeo) are demonstrative pronouns, which can be expressed as "this," "that," and "that over there" respectively. These words are pronouns and are used just as nouns are.
이거 (igeo) means "this."
그거 (geugeo) means "that."
그거 (geugeo) indicates the speaker is far from item under discussion but the listener is close to it.
저거 (jeogeo) means "that."
저거 (jeogeo) indicates both the speaker and listener are far from the item under discussion.
All three of these have corresponding written forms.
Spoken:
이거, 그거, 저거
Written:
이것, 그것, 저것
Formation
The written form of these words can be broken down as such:
[demonstrative modifier] + 것 = 이것, 그것, 저것
것 (geot) means thing.
Literally, 이것 (igeot) means "this thing" 그것 (geugeot) means "that thing" and 저것 (jeogeot) means "that thing over there."
In spoken Korean, however, they are as follows
[demonstrative modifier] + 거 = 이거, 그거, 저거
거 (geo) means thing.
Example Sentences
1.이거는 제 책이야.
igeo-neun je chaek-iya.
This is my book.
2.저거는 누구꺼예요?
jeogeo-neun nugukkeo-eyo?
Who\'s is that over there?
3.그거요? 그거는 모자입니다.
geugeoyo? geugeo-neun moja-imnida.
That? That's a hat.
Related Expressions
Demonstrative Modifier
Demonstrative Adjectives are used in conjunction with nouns in order to modify them. They can be expressed as follows.
이 [명사] - i [noun] - this [noun]
그 [명사] - geu [noun] - that [noun]
(this demonstrative modifier indicates that the noun is far from the speaker, but close to the listener)
저 [명사] -jeo [noun] -that [noun] over there
(this demonstrative modifier indicates that the noun is far from both the speaker and listner)
어느 [명사] - eoneu [noun] - which [noun]
Formation
Simply place 이 (i), 그 (geu), 저 (jeo), 어느 (eoneu) before any noun to describe the noun as such.
이 [명사] - i [noun] - this [noun]
그 [명사] - geu [noun] - that [noun]
저 [명사] -jeo [noun] -that [noun] over there
어느 [명사] - eoneu [noun] - which [noun]
Example Sentences
1.그 사람이 미국사람입니다.
geu saram-i miguk-saram-imnida.
That person is American.
2.어느 극장에 갈꺼야?
eoneu geukjang-e galkkeoya?
Which theater are you going to?
3.이 친구는 제 중학교 친구예요.
i chingu-neun je junghakgyo chingu-eyo.
This friend is a junior high school friend.
4.저 건물이 뭐에요?
jeo geonmul-i mwo-eyo?
What is that building over there?
Related Expressions
Demonstrative Pronouns
Place words
You can usually make your language polite by adding -요 (yo) at the end of your sentences. However, sometimes when you want to be respectful of the person that you are talking to, or even someone that you are talking about, you can use the honorific speech. People often expect you to use the honorific speech when you are talking about someone that is older or higher in social status than you. In this case, you use a different subject marker than usual.
When you are using the honorific speech, the usual subject marker, -이 (-i) or -가 (-ga) becomes -께서 (-kkeseo). When you start a sentence with the honorific subject marker, you also have to use the honorific suffix in the verb for the sentence.
Examples:
1. 선생님께서 그렇게 말씀하셨어요.
seonsaengnim-kkeseo geureoke malsseumhasyeosseoyo.
"The teacher said so."
2. 할아버지께서 기다리셔요.
harabeoji-kkeseo gidarisyeoyo.
"My grandfather is waiting."
Example Sentences
1. 고객님께서 문의하신 내용입니다.
gogaeknim-kkeseo munuihasin naeyong-imnida.
(To a customer) "This is what you asked about."
2. 부모님께서 걱정 안 하세요?
bumonim-kkeseo geokjeong an haseyo?
"Aren't your parents worried?"
Notes
Note: It is correct to use the honorific speech and the honorific subject marker when you're talking to or about someone that you have to be very respectful to. However, if you're talking about someone who is older than you are, but still younger or lower than the person that you're talking to, you should not use the honorific speech or the honorific subject marker.
For example, let's consider you are talking to the president of your company about your section chief. Even if your section chief is someone you have to use polite language to, since you're talking about him or her in front of the president, you can't use the honorific speech about your section chief.
Incorrect example:
1. (To the president)
과장님께서 그렇게 말하셨습니다.
gwajangnim-kkeoseo geureoke malhasyeosseumnida.
"The section chief said so."
Correct example:
1. (To the president)
과장이 그렇게 말했습니다.
gwajang-i geureoke malhaesseumnida.
"The section chief said so."
가 장 (gajang) and 제일 (jeil) both have the meaning of "most." These two words can always be used interchangably. 가장 or 제일 comes before descriptive verbs in their adjective/adverb/verb form and also before some action verbs that work like descriptive verbs. 제일 is sometimes changed to 제일로 in colloquial situations.
Formation
▶ 가장/제일 + Descriptive Verb (in the adjective/adverb/verb form)
- Action verbs cannot be used alone right after 가장 or 제일.
Ex)
예쁘다 (yeppeuda - to be pretty) [verb]
예쁜 (yeppeun - pretty) [adjective]
예쁘게 (yeppeuge - beautifully) [adverb]
▷▷ 가장 예쁘다 / 가장 예쁜 / 가장 예쁘게
▶ 가장/제일 + Action verbs that work like descriptive verbs
- Verbs related to emotions, and verbs in the passive form can be used with 가장 or 제일 alone.
Ex) 알려지다 (to be known), 좋아하다 (to like), 싫어하다 (to hate), and etc.
Example Sentences
1. 저는 우리 학교에서 가장 공부를 잘 해요. [하다] (jeo-neun uri hakgyo-eseo gajang gongbu-reul jal haeyo)
- I am the best student in my school.
2. 이 호수는 세계에서 제일 커요. [크다] (i hosu-neun segye-eseo jeil keoyo)
- This lake is the biggest lake in the world.
3. 중국은 세계에서 인구가 제일 많은 나라예요. [많다] (jungguk-eun segye-eseo ingu-ga jeil maneun nara-yeyo)
- China is the country with the biggest population in the world.
4. 저는 수학이 제일 싫어요. [싫다] (jeo-neun suhak-i jeil sireoyo)
- I hate Mathematics the most.
5. 제일 비싼 거 보여주세요. [보여주다] (jeil bissan geo boyeojuseyo)
- Show me the most expensive one.
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