When you are talking about something that you might do in the future, you can use the structure -(으)ㄹ지도 모르다 (-(eu)ljido moreuda). This structure literally means "It will happen, also, I don't know" or "I don't know whether it will also happen that...." Although the literal translation has the word 모르다 (moreuda) in it, which means "to not know," what the sentence really means is "it is out of my knowledge whether it will happen or not." When we use it in a sentence, it means "it could happen" or "there is a possibility that it might happen."
Formation
Verb stem + ㄹ(을)지도 모르다
- 만나다 (mannada) "to meet"
만나 + ㄹ지도 모르다 = 만날지도 모르다 (mannaljido moreuda)
만날지도 몰라 (mannaljido molla) "I might meet him/her." - 가다 (gada) "to go"
안 가다 (an gada) "to not go"
안 가 + ㄹ지도 모르다 = 안 갈지도 모르다 (an galjido moreuda)
안 갈지도 몰라 (an galjido molla) "I might not go there."
Example Sentences
1. 나 내일 못 올지도 몰라.
na naeil mot oljido molla.
I might not be able to come tomorrow.
2. 친구들이 올지도 몰라요.
chingudeul-i oljido mollayo.
My friends might come.
3. 내 이야기 들으면 웃을지도 몰라.
nae iyagi deureumyeon useuljido molla.
You might laugh if you hear my story.
4. 컴퓨터가 고장날지도 몰라.
keompyuteo-ga gojangnaljido molla.
Your computer might break.
-(으) ㄴ 적이 있다/없다 (-(eu)n jeok-i itda/eopda) is a way to express a past experience or the fact that you have or have not done something before. Here, 적 (jeok) has the meaning of "time" or "experience." We express whether you have that past experience or not through 있다 (itda) and 없다 (eopda), which mean "to have" and "to not have." We often drop the subject marking particle -이 (i) in colloquial situations.
Formation
Verb Stem + -(으)ㄴ 적이 있다/없다
보다 (boda) "to see"
보 (bo) - verb stem
보 + -(으)ㄴ 적이 있다 = 본 적이 있다 (bon jeok-i itda)
보 + -(으)ㄴ 적이 없다 = 본 적이 없다 (bon jeok-i eopda)
본 적이 있어요 (bon jeok-i isseoyo) "I've seen it before."
본 적이 없어요 (bon jeok-i eopseoyo) "I've never seen it before."
Example Sentences
이 영화를 본 적이 없어요.
i yeonghwa-reul bon jeok-i eopseoyo.
"I've never watched this film before."
수업에 늦은 적이 없어요.
sueop-e neujeun jeok-i eopseoyo.
"I've never been late for a class."
엄마를 도와준 적이 없어요.
eomma-reul dowajun jeok-i eopseoyo.
"I've never helped my mother."
거짓말 한 적 없어요.
geojitmal han jeok eopseoyo.
"I've never told a lie."
저는 작년에 여기 온 적이 있어요.
jeo-neun jaknyeon-e yeogi on jeok-i isseoyo.
"I've been here last year."
이 책 읽은 적 있어요.
i chaek ilgeun jeok isseoyo.
"I've read this book before."
This sentence ending for questions, -(으)ㄴ가(요)? (-(eu)nga(yo)?) has the same purpose as the ending -나(요)? (-na(yo)?), but we use this one with the verb 이다 (ida - "to be"), and descriptive verbs, which are like adjectives but used like verbs in the Korean language.
Like -나(요), the ending -(으)ㄴ가(요) is also a sentence ending that Korean people use to avoid asking a question too directly. This ending also has the nuance of asking oneself at the same time as asking the other person, and it is similar to saying "I wonder..." in English. By using -나(요) or -(ㅇ)ㄴ가(요), people hope to be less direct and accusing when asking a question, because one gets the feeling that the asking nuance is weakened by being divided into two directions - half toward the other person and half toward oneself.
We use -(으)ㄴ가(요)? with the verb 이다 and descriptive verbs, whereas we use -나(요)? with action verbs. But in many cases, Korean people often mix up and use -나(요)? for descriptive verbs as well.
Formation
이다 = 이 + ㄴ가요 = 인가요? (ingayo?) "Is it...?"/"Are you...?"
예쁘다 = 예쁘 + ㄴ가요 = 예쁜가요? (yeppeundagyo?) "Is she/it pretty?"
Since we express the future tense in Korean through (으)ㄹ 것이다, and there is 이다 ("to be") in this structure, we can express a future tense question through this manner as well.
것이다 = 것이에요? --> 것인가요? or (shortened) 건가요?
Example Sentences
1. 여기가 어디인가요?
yeogi-ga eodi-ingayo?
Where is this place?
2. 이건 얼마인가요?
igeon eolma-ingayo?
How much is this?
3. 학생이 몇 명인가요?
haksaeng-i myeot myeong-ingayo?
내일도 오실 건가요?
4.뭐가 제일 좋은가요?
mwo-ga je-il joeungayo?
What is the best?
This grammatical construction expresses obligation in Korean. It is used with all verbs (both action and descriptive) to express what one must do or must be. This grammatical structure is often translated as "have to (verb)," "must (verb)."
The final verb 되다 (doeda) - usually means "become" but it can also mean: "work out smoothly," "go without problem," "be able to achieve."
The final verb 되다 (doeda) can often be replaced with the verb 하다 (hada) as the final verb and still hold the same exact meaning.
The tense and politeness level is regularly expressed in the verb 되다 (doeda)/하다 (hada). Negation, however, is regularly expressed in the first verb.
Formation
Verb stem + (아/어/여)야 되다
Verb stem + (아/어/여)야 하다
아 (a) - is used with verbs stems with the final vowels ㅏ (a) or ㅗ (o)
어 (eo) - is used with verb stems with any other final vowels
여 (yeo0 - is used with 하다 (hada) verbs
Example:
준비하다 (junbihada) - to prepare
준비하 (junbiha) - verb stem
준비하 + (여)야 되다 - 여 (yeo) conjugation is used with 하다 (hada) verbs
준비해야 되다 (junbi haeya doeda) - to have to prepare
저 는 준비해야 되겠어요. (jeo-neun junbi haeya doegesseoyo.) - I'll have to prepare. [Verb tense and politeness level was expressed in the final verb, 되다 (doeda)]
저는 준비 안 해야 되겠어요. (jeo-neun junbi an haeya doegesseoyo.) - I won't have to prepare. [Negation was expressed in the first verb, 준비하다 (junbihada)]
Example Sentences
1.전화하지 마. 나 일해야 돼.
(junhwahaji ma. na il haeya dwae.)
Don't talk on the phone. I have to work.
2.시끄럽게 하지 마. 나 공부해야 돼.
(sikkeureopge hajima. na gongbuhaeya dwae.)
Don't be loud. I have to study.
3.무슨 일 생겨도, 이 전화를 받아야 해요!
(museun il saenggyeo-do, i jeonhwa-reul badaya haeyo!)
Whatever happens, you must answer this phone!
Notes
The final verb -되다 (-doeda) cannot inflect the past tense. Instead the past tense must be inflected using the verb 하다 (hada) - in place of 되다 (doeda).
Related Expressions
-지 않으면 안 되다 (obligation)
-으면 안 되다 (negative obligation)
This grammatical structure indicates cause or reason for a consequence. It is a non-final ending, and thus a consequential sentence is typically introduced after this structure. However, it is commonly used as a sentence ending, because many times, the consequential sentence can be inferred. It is used mostly with descriptive verbs (some action verbs are exceptions).
Formation
[verb] + -(아/어/여)서
괜찮다 (gwenchanta) - to be alright, to be ok
괜찮 (gwenchanh) - verb stem
괜찮 + 아서
괜찮아서... - because it's alright...
Sentence1 서, Sentence 2
Sentence 1 = (the reason)
Sentence 2 = (consequence)
Sentence 1 provides reason for Sentence 2.
Example Sentences
1.바빠서, 못 왔어요. (bappaseo, mot wasseoyo.)
I was busy, so I couldn't come.
2.술이 좋아서, 어제도 술 마셨어요. (sul-i johaseo, eoje-do sul masyeosseoyo.)
Because alcohol is good, I drank again yesterday.
3.예뻐서 전화했지. (yeppeoseo jeonhwahaetji.)
Because you're pretty, I called.
Notes
A situation where the consequential sentence must be implied:
아버지: 왜 늦게 왔어? (Why did you come late?)
아들: 차가 막혀서... (Because there was traffic...)
The ending of the sentence should be: 늦었어. (I was late.)
When you want to ask for permission from another person or want to know if it is alright/okay to do or not to do something, you use this expression.
Formation
-도 되다 (-(a/eo/yeo)do doeda) is a grammatical structure that means "it is okay to...." The main verb of this structure, 되다 (doeda) originally means "to become," but it also means "for things to work out smoothly" or "to be alright." The verb ending, -(아/어/여)도 (-(a/eo/yeo)do) expresses the meaning of "even if." So the entire structure literally means "it is okay even if...."
Example Sentences
1. 이거 봐도 돼요? - "Can I have a look at this?"
2. 내일도 와도 돼요? - "Can I come tomorrow, too?"
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