-거든요 (-geodeunyo) is a sentence final-ending used to give an explanation for something under discussion.
Sentence 1.
Sentence 2 -거든요.
Sentence 2 is providing an explanation for whatever was discussed in Sentence 1.
Using this grammatical structure also implies that the listener is expected the understand the correlation between sentence 1 and sentence 2.
Formation
Verb Stem + 거든요.
Tense and/or intentional inflection is inflected in the root verb.
먹다 (meokda) - to eat
먹 (meok) - verb stem
먹 + 거든요
먹거든요 (meokgeodeunyo) - you see, because (he) eats
봤다 (bwatda) - to have seen
봤 (bwat) - verb stem
봤 + 거든요
봤거든요 (bwatgeodeunyo) - you see, because (I) saw
Example Sentences
1. A: 왜 같이 안 가요? (wae gati an gayo?) - Why aren't you coming?
B: 그 영화를 봤거든요. (geu yeonghwa-reul bwatgeodeunyo) - You see, because I saw that movie.
2. A: 과일은 안 먹어? (gwail-eun an meogeo?) - You don't eat fruit?
B: 아니... 알레르기가 있거든. (ani... allereugi-ga itgeodeun.) - No... You see, because I have an allergy.
Notes
Intonation is important when using this grammatical structure. Recently, it has become a way to show disinterest in someone's question.
- ㄹ/을까 말까 (eulkka malkka) is the grammatical structure that expresses hesitation. The former part, 을까 is the self-interrogative form and can be translated as "should I" or "will it", and the latter part, 말까 is the verb 말다(= to not do) in the same form. Therefore 을까 and 말까 together form an expression of hesitation, and it's usually followed by verbs that express thought, discussion, worry, decision, or consideration.
The verbs that are often used along with this grammatical structure are 생각하다(saenggakhada - to think), 고민하다(gominhada - to worry, to think), 결정하다(gyeoljeonghada - to decide), and 하다(hada - to do, to think).
Formation
Verb steb + -ㄹ/을까 말까 + (하다)
가다 (gada - to go)
▶ 가 + -ㄹ까 말까 하다 = 갈까 말까 하다
적다(jeokda - to write down)
▶ 적 + -을까 말까 하다 = 적을까 말까 하다
Example Sentences
1. 선생님한테 물어볼까 말까 생각하고 있어. [물어보다] [생각하다] (seonsaengnim-hante mureobolkka malkka saenggakhago isseo)
- I'm debating whether to ask my teacher or not.
2. 디저트 먹을까 말까? [먹다] (dijeoteu meogeulkka malkka?)
- Shall we eat the dessert or not?
3. 컴퓨터를 새로 살까 말까 계속 생각했어요. [사다] [생각하다] (keompyuteo-reul saero salkka malkka gyesok saenggakhaesseoyo)
- I kept thinking whether I should buy a new computer or not.
4. 갈까 말까 의논하고 있어요. [가다] [의논하다] (galkka malkka uinon-hago isseoyo)
- We're discussing whether to go or not.
5. 결혼을 할까 말까 고민하고 있어요. [하다] [고민하다] (gyeolhon-eul halkka malkka gominhago isseoyo)
- I'm debating whether I should get married or not.
ㄹ (을)줄 알다/모르다 is used to express the knowledge of ability, capability or capacity to do something. It is translated as "to know how to do" or "to not know how to do." The last verb in this grammatical structure is either 알다 (alda) - to know, to 모르다 (moreuda) - to not know.
The last verb 알다/모르다 (alda/moreuda) is where tense and politeness level is expressed.
Formation
1. Verb stems that end in vowels use -ㄹ 줄 알다/모르다
하다 (hada) - to do
하 (ha) - verb stem
하 + ㄹ 줄 알다 = 할 줄 알다. (to know how to do.)
2. Verb stems that end in consonants use -을 줄 알다/모르다
읽다 (ilkda) - to read
읽 (ilk) - verb stem
읽 + 을 줄 모르다 - 읽을 줄 모르다. (don't know how to read)
Example Sentences
1. 영어 할 줄 알아요? (yeongeo hal jul alayo)
Do you know how to speak English?
2. 스키 탈 줄 알아요? (seuki tal jul alayo)
Do you know how to ski?
3. 저는 저거 쓸 줄 몰라요. (jeo-neun jeogeo sseul jul mollayo)
I don't know how to use that.
- ㄹ/을지도 모르다 (-l/euljido moreuda) is the grammatical structure used to express probability or possibility about a present state or future action. This structure literally means "I don't know either whether or not," and it is most commonly translated as "Subject + might + verb." This structure is similar in meaning to -ㄹ/을 수도 있다 (-l/eul su-do itda).
Formation
▶ Verb stem ending in a vowel + -ㄹ지도 모르다
- 가다 (gada - to go)
- 가 + ㄹ지도 모르다 = 갈지도 모르다
▷▷ 갈지도 몰라(요). (I might go.)
▶ Verb stem ending in a consonant + -을지도 모르다
- 없다 (eopda - to not have, to not be there)
- 없 + 을지도 모르다 = 없을지도 모르다
▷▷ 없을지도 몰라(요). (It might not be there.)
▶ Verb stem ending in the consonant ㄹ + -지도 모르다
- 풀다 (ulda - to cry)
- 울 + 지도 모르다 = 울지도 모르다
▷▷ 울지도 몰라(요). (He might cry.)
Example Sentences
1. 이쪽이 빠를지도 몰라요. [빠르다]
(ijjok-i ppareuljido mollayo)
- This way might be faster.
2. 내일 민경이 만날지도 몰라. [만나다]
(naeil mingyeong-i mannaljido molla)
- I might meet Mingyeong tomorrow.
3. 나 일 그만둘지도 몰라. [그만두다]
(na hoesa geumanduljido molla)
- I might quit my job.
4. 오늘 늦을지도 몰라요. [늦다]
(oneul neujeuljido mollayo)
- I might be late today.
5. 그 사람이 내 결혼식이 올지도 몰라. [오다]
(geu saram-i nae gyeolhonsik-e oljido molla)
- He might come to my wedding.
Notes
In colloquial situations and most commonly when the speakers are talking in casual language, 반말, the latter part, 몰라 is often dropped when what the speaker is saying is very obvious and expected.
Ex)
그럴지도 몰라. ▷ 그럴지도.
아마 내일 비 올지도 몰라. ▷ 아마 내일 비 올지도.
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