- 았/었/였더니 (at/eot/yeotdeoni) is used to show two actions or states in a logical order. And the relationship between the two actions or states expressed through this grammatical structure can be 1) one being the reason or cause of the other, or 2) one happening after the other and the speaker is realizing it now. This grammatical structure is different from 때문에 or -아/어/여서 and not usually translated as 'because' or 'since'. This is best translated as "and then (affected by the previous action or state, the second one happened)" or "and then (what I saw happening was)".
Formation
Verb stem + -았/었/였 (past infix) + 더 (retrospective infix) + 니
▶ 가다 - 갔더니
▶ 오다 - 왔더니
▶ 열다 - 열었더니
▶ 말하다 - 말했더니
Example Sentences
1. 엄마한테 말했더니 가지 말라고 하셨어. [말하다] [가다] [말다] [하다]
- (eommahante malhaetdeoni, gaji mallago hasyeosseo.)
- I told my mom, and she told me not to go.
2. 월요일에 갔더니, 사람이 별로 없었어. [가다] [없다]
- (wolyoil-e gatdeoni saram-i byeollo eopseosseo.)
- I went on a Monday, and there weren't many people.)
3. 컴퓨터를 샀더니, TV를 줬어. [사다] [주다]
- (keompyuteo-reul satdeoni, tibi-reul jwosseo.)
- I bought a computer, and they gave me a TV.
4. 아이스크림을 너무 많이 먹었더니, 배가 아파요. [먹다] [아프다]
- (aiseukeurim-eul neomu mani meogeotdeoni, bae-ga apayo.)
- I ate too much ice cream and my stomach is hurting.
5. 냉장고 문을 열었더니, 펭귄이 들어 있었어. [열다] [들어 있다]
- (naengjanggo mun-eul yeoreotdeoni, penggwin-i deureo isseosseo.)
- I opened the refrigerator door, and there was a penguin inside.
Notes
-았/었/였더니 is often interchangeable with -니 or -니까, depending on the context.
문을 열어 봤더니 = 문을 열어 보니 [열다 + 보다]
집에 갔더니 = 집에 가니 [가다]
말했더니 = 말하니까 [말하다]
-(았/었/였)- is a verbal infix, which we use to convey the past tense.
We use 았 for verbs that have ㅏ or ㅗ as the last vowel in the verb stem.
We use 었 for verbs that do not have ㅏ or ㅗ as the last vowel in the verb stem.
We use 였 for 하다 (hada) verbs.
Many times, there are deletions and contractions with repeating vowels. If a verb-stem ends in a consonant, there are no deletions or contractions. These contraction and deletion rules follow the 아/어/여 conjugation. Please refer to the grammar bank entry on -아/어/여 conjugation to refer to rules for contraction and deletion.
Formation
(Contraction and Deletion Rules follow the same rules as the 아/어/여 conjugation. Please refer to entry on 아/어/여 conjugation in the grammar bank for contraction and deletion rules.)
[Verb Stem] + [았/었/였] + [Conjugation (politeness level/mood/etc.]
- (ㄱ)
Example: 먹다 (“to eat”)
먹 - verb stem
[Verb Stem] + [었] + [Intimate Politeness Level - 아/어/여]
[먹] + [었] +[어]
먹었어. - Simple Past Tense (Intimate Politeness Level) - (ㄴ)
Example: 먹다 (“to eat”)
먹 - verb stem
[Verb Stem] + [었] + [Standard Politeness Level - 아/어/여 + 요]
[먹] + [었] +[어요]
먹었어요. - Simple Past Tense (Standard Politeness Level) - (ㄷ)
Example: 먹다 (“to eat”)
먹 - verb stem
[Verb Stem] + [었] + [Formal Politeness Level - 습니다]
[먹] + [었] +[습니다]
먹었습니다. - Simple Past Tense (Formal Politeness Level) - Example: 배우다 (“to learn”)
배우 - verb stem
[Verb Stem] + [었] + [Intimate Politeness Level - 아/어/여]
[배우] + [었] + [어]
배웠어. - Simple Past Tense (Intimate Politeness Level) - (ㄴ)
Example: 배우다 (“to learn”)
배우 - verb stem
[Verb Stem] + [었] + [Standard Politeness Level - 아/어/여 + 요]
[배우] + [었] + [어요]
배웠어요. - Simple Past Tense (Standard Politeness Level) - (ㄷ)
Example: 배우다 (“to learn”)
배우 - verb stem
[Verb Stem] + [었] + [Formal Politeness Level - 습니다]
[배우] + [었] + [습니다]
배웠습니다. - Simple Past Tense (Formal Politeness Level)
Example Sentences
- 저는 한국에서 십년 동안 살았어요.
jeo-neun hanguk-eseo simnyeon dongan sarasseoyo.
"I lived in Korea for ten years."
Verb: 살다 (“to live”)
살 + 았 + 어요 [Standard Politeness Level Conjugation - 아/어/여 + 요] - 누구였지?
nuguyeossji?
"Who was it?"
Verb: 이다 (“to be”)
이 + 었 + 지 (Confirmation/Agreement Conjugation - 지) - 만두 만들었는데.
mandu mandeureotneunde.
"I made dumplings."
Verb: 만들다 (“to make”)
만들 + 었 + 는데 [Introductory Non-Final Ending - (ㄴ/은/는)데]
- 아/어/여(서) 죽겠다 (a/eo/yeo(seo) jukgetda) is the grammatical structure that is used to emphasize or sometimes to exaggerate the emotion that you have or the state you're in, and it literally means "I will die from + descriptive verb". 서 can be said or omitted.
Formation
Verb stem + 아/어/여(서) 죽겠다
▷ 아프다 (apeuda - to be painful)
- 아프 + -아 죽겠다
- 아파 죽겠다
▷▷ 아파 죽겠어. = It hurts so much that I might die.
▷ 하다 (hada - to do)
- 하고 싶다 (hago sipda = to want to do)
- 하고 싶 + -어 죽겠다
- 하고 싶어 죽겠다
▷▷ 공부하고 싶어 죽겠어. = I want to study so badly that I can't stand not studying.
Example Sentences
1. 너 때문에 짜증나서 죽겠어. [짜증나다] (neo ttaemune jjajeungnaseo jukgesseo)
= You are annoying me to death.
2. 옆집 때문에 시끄러워서 죽겠다. [시끄럽다] (yeopjip ttaemune sikkeureowoseo jukgetda)
= The people nextdoor is so noisy that I can't stand them.
3. 배 고파서 죽겠어요. [배 고프다] (bae gopaseo jukgesseoyo)
= I'm starving to death.
4. 요즘 좋은 일들이 많아서 행복해서 죽겠어. [행복하다] (yojeum joeun ildeul-i manaseo haengbokhaeseo jukgesseo)
= There's so many good things happening these days that I'm extremely happy.
5. 잠을 못 자서 졸려 죽겠어요. [졸리다] (jam-eul mot jaseo jollyeo jukgesseoyo)
= I couldn't sleep so I'm sleepy to death.
Notes
죽 겠어요 can be changed to 죽을 것 같아요 (jugeul geot gatayo) or 죽을 지경이에요 (jugeul jigyeong-ieyo) too, although 죽겠어요 is most commonly used.
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