분명히 -ㄹ/을 것이다 (bunmyeonghi -l/eul goes-ida) is a structure that means "I am sure" or "must be." The first part, 분명히 (bunmyeonghi), is an adverb that means "clearly" or "certainly." -ㄹ/을 것이다 (-l/eul goes-ida) is a way to express one's assumption or guess. So together, it means "I'm sure" or "must be," and we use these two parts like a pair quite often.
You change the word 분명히 (bunmyeonghi) to other words to alter the nuance of the statement. For example, if you say 아마 (ama - "maybe") instead of 분명히 (bunmyeonghi), the phrase means, "it could be" instead of "it must be."
The last part, 것이다 (geos-ida), changes depending on the politeness level.
For example:
- Intimate: 거야 (geo-ya)
- Standard: 거예요 (geo-yeyo)
- Formal: 것입니다 (geos-imnida)
Formation
Construction
분명히 + Verb Stem + -ㄹ/을 것이다
오늘 (oneul) - "today"
오늘이다 (oneul-ida) - "to be today"
분명히 + 오늘이 + ㄹ 것이다 = 분명히 오늘일 것이다 (bunmyeonghi oneul-il geosida)
분명히 오늘일 거예요.
bunmyeonghi oneul-il geo-yeyo.
"I'm sure it's today." / "It must be today."
Screen clipping taken: 5/23/2010, 11:47 PM
- 부터 (buteo) and -에서 (eseo) are words that mean "from", and both can be used for indicating time, range and distance. They are often paired with 까지 (kkaji), which means "until" or "up to". Although 부터 and 에서 are of the same meaning, 부터 is much more commonly used than 에서. Also, 에서 doesn't sound very natural with some nouns, but there is no set rule for this.
Formation
Noun + 부터/에서
Ex)
- 오늘 (oneul) - today
- 오늘 + 부터 = 오늘부터 = from today
Ex)
- 여기 (yeogi) - here
- 여기 + 에서 = 여기에서 = from here
Example Sentences
1. 내일부터 담애 안 피울게요. [피우다] (naeil-buteo dambae an piulgeyo)
- I won't smoke from tomorrow on.
2. 저부터 시작할게요. [시작하다] (jeo-buteo sijakhalgeyo)
- I'll start first.
3. 언제부터 한국어 공부했어요? [공부하다] (eonje-buteo hangugeo gongbuhaesseoyo?)
- Since when did you study Korean?
4. 다음 주부터 오지 마세요. [오다] (daeum ju-buteo oji maseyo)
- Stop coming here, starting next week.
5. 커피부터 시키자. [시키다] (keopi-buteo sikija)
- Let's start with ordering coffee.
Notes
Note that -에서 can also work as a location particle, expressing the place where an action takes place.
This grammatical structure is used to express judgment or assumption after looking at or hearing someone or something. This is used in conjunction with descriptive verbs. It is the equivalent to the English expression "to look/to seem + (adjective)." The adjective that is in front takes on the (아/어/여) conjugation.
보 이다 is the verb "to seem," "to look" and is the verb that expresses tense, negation, and politeness level. This is the verb 보다 (to see), in its passive form.
Formation
(Descriptive Verb + 아/어/여) 보이다
(행복하다 + 아/어/여) + 보이다
행복해 보이다.
= Seems happy. (Subject is inferred here).
Example Sentences
1.그 사람이 착해 보여.
(That person looks kind.)
2.영어 어려워 보여.
(English looks hard.)
3.다워 보여요.
(It looks hot.)
The letter '별' in '별로' means 'particular' or 'special', so 별로 should (and used to) mean 'particularly' or 'especially.' But now it is only used to mean 'not particularly' or 'not especially,' as it must be followed by a negative ending or a negative adverb (a negative component).
Formation
There are two ways to use 별로 with a negative component.
1. Used with a negative adverb (안, 못)
별로 + (negative adverb) + verb
안 - negative adverb (not)
바쁘다 (descriptive verb) - to be busy
별로 + 안 + 바쁘다
별로 안 바쁘다 = not very busy, not especially busy, not particularly busy
별로 + (negative adverb) + verb
못 - negative adverb (can't)
하다 (action verb) - to do
별로 + 못 + 하다
별로 못 하다 = can't particularly do (not particularly good at), can't especially do (not especially good at)
2. Used with a negative sentence ending.
별로 (verb) + negative ending
크다 (descriptive verb) - to be big
-지 않다 (negative sentence ending)
별로 + 크다 + 지 않다
별로 크지 않다. = Not especially big, not particularly big.
Example Sentences
(a) 별로 크지 않다. - It is not particularly big.
(The negative component is 않다)
(b) 이 책은 별로 비싸지 않아요. - This book is not too expensive.
(The negative component is 않아요)
(c) 저는 시간이 별로 없습니다. - I don't have much time.
(The negative component is 없습니다)
(d) 그 사람은 친구가 별로 없어요. - He doesn't have many friends.
(The negative component is 없어요)
밖에 (bakke) is a word that literally means "outside," and it can mean "besides," or "other than." Most of the time, when it's not used to literally indicate "outside" as in "outside the house," we combine밖에 (bakke) with negative statements and it means "only" or "nothing but." So it means "only" in conclusion, but it's unnatural to use it in a positive statement to express the meaning of "only."
When we change the negative part of the sentence to positive, the particle -만 (man) can replace 밖에 (bakke), but not always. When implying that the number or the amount being mentioned is small or below expectations, Korean people tend to use 밖에 (bakke) rather than -만 (man), although 만 (man) is closer to the literal translation of the English word "only."
Formation
Noun +밖에
이것 (igeot) - "this"
이것 + 밖에 = 이것 밖에 (igeot bakke) "only this"
이것 밖에 없어요.
igeot bakke eopseoyo.
"I only have this one." / "This is all we have."
Example Sentences
- 저는 지금 1000원 밖에 없어요.
jeo-neun jigeum cheon-won bakke eopseoyo.
"I only have 1,000 won now." - 오늘은 저 밖에 안 왔어요.
oneul-eun jeo bakke an wasseoyo.
"Today, I'm the only one who came." - 이것 밖에 없어요?
igeot bakke eopseoyo?
"Is this all there is?" - 이렇게 밖에 못 해요?
ireotke bakke mot haeyo?
"Is this your best?" - 제 눈에는 민경 씨 밖에 안 보여요.
je nun-eneun mingyeong ssi bakke an boyeoyo.
"My eyes can only see you, Mingyeong."
대 신에 (daesin-e) is the grammatical structure that expresses "instead of" or "in return for" in Korean. Like in English, "instead of" can be used with both nouns and verbs, and when a verb comes before 대신에, the verb is conjugated into the adjective form to modify 대신에.
대신's Chinese characters, 代身, mean "replace + body(person)." Therefore, it's a noun that means "a replacement" or "a substitute."
Formation
- Nouns + 대신에
- Verbs + ㄴ/은/는 대신에
▷ Nouns + 대신에
Ex) 나 + 대신에 = 나 대신에 (instead of me)
Ex) 이것 + 대신에 = 이것 대신에 (instead of this)
▷ Verbs + -ㄴ/은/는 대신에
Ex) 학교에 가다 + 대신에
= 학교에 가는 대신에 (instead of going to school / in return for going to school)
Example Sentences
1. 밥 대신 라면 먹었어요. [먹다]
(bap daesin ramyeon meogeosseoyo)
- I ate ramyeon instead of rice.
2. 나 대신 니가 갈래? [가다]
(na daesin ni-ga gallae?)
- Do you want to go in my place?
3. 니 숙제 도와주는 대신, 너는 내 방 청소해. [도와주다, 청소하다]
(ni sukje dowajuneun daesin, neo-neun nae bang cheonsohae)
- I'll help with your homework so, in return, you clean my room.
4. 감자 대신에 고구마를 샀어요. [사다]
(gamja daesin-e goguma-reul sasseoyo)
- I bought sweet potatoes instead of potatoes.
5. 약을 먹는 대신에 잠을 잤어요. [먹다, 자다]
(yag-eu meogneun daesin-e jam-eul jasseoyo)
- I slept instead of taking medicine.
Notes
You can drop 에 and just say "대신," too.
더 (deo) means, "more" and we use it in the same way as the English word "more" in a sentence. We can use it as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb, and it comes before the word that it modifies.
For Example:
- 비싸요.
bissayo.
"It's expensive."
더 (deo) + 비싸요 (bissayo)
"It's + more + expensive."
Example Sentences
- 더 주세요.
Deo juseyo.
"Please give me some more." - 더 먹어.
Deo meogeo.
"Please eat some more." - 이거 더 있어?
I-geo deo isseo?
"Do you have more of this?" - 더 공부해.
Deo gongbuhae.
"Study more." - 그녀가 더 보고 싶어.
Geunyeo-ga deo bogo sipeo.
"I miss her more."
달 is combined with the native numbers, and 월 is combined with the sino-Korean numbers. When counting the months with sino-Korean numbers, the counter word 개 is added.
Example Sentences
1 month = 한 달 (han dal) = 1개월 (ilgaewol)
2 months = 두 달 (du dal) = 2개얼 (igaewol)
3 months = 세 달 (se dal) = 3개월 (samgaewol)
4 months = 네 달 (ne dal) = 4개월 (sagaewol)
5 months = 다섯 달 (daseot dal) = 5개월 (ogaewol)
6 months = 여섯 달 (yeoseot dal) = 6개월 (yukgaewol)
7 months = 일곱 달 (ilgop dal) = 7개월 (chilgaewol)
8 months = 여덟 달 (yeodeol dal) = 8개월 (palgaewol)
9 months = 아홉 달 (ahop dal) = 9개월 (gugaewol)
10 months = 열 달 (yeol dal) = 10개월 (sipgaewol)
Notes
When 개 is not placed between the sino-Korean numbers and 월, the words become the names of the months of the year. (1월, 2월, ...)
처 럼 (cheoreom) means "like" and it's attached to "after," the noun that it modifies, unlike in English. Sometimes we can replace 처럼 (cheoreom) with 같이 (gachi) or -와 같이 (wa gachi) but 처럼 (cheoreom) is the most neutral word.
Formation
Noun + 처럼
1. 어제 (eoje) "yesterday"
어제 + 처럼 = 어제처럼
(eojecheoreom) "like yesterday"
2. 강아지 (gangaji) "puppy"
강아지 + 처럼 = 강아지처럼
(gangaji-cheoreom) "like a puppy"
3. 번개 (beongae) "lightning"
번개 + 처럼 = 번개처럼
(beongae-cheoreom) "like lightning"
번개처럼 빠르다 (beongae-cheoreom ppareuda) "to be as fast as lightning"
Example Sentences
저처럼 할 수 있어요?
jeo-cheoreom hal su isseoyo?
"Can you do like I do?"
어제처럼 바쁘지 않았어요.
eoje-cheoreom bappeuji anasseoyo
"I wasn't as busy as yesterday."
이것처럼 만들어 주세요.
igeot-cheoreom mandeureo juseyo
"Please make it like this."
겨울처럼 추워요.
gyeoul-cheoreom chuwoyo
"It's cold like winter."
아빠처럼 말하지 마.
appa-cheoreom malhaji ma
"Don't talk like my father."
- 지 마(요/세요) (-ji ma(yo/seyo)) is the grammatical structure used to tell someone not to do something. Therefore, it can be used only with action verbs, and descriptive verbs should be changed into action verb form to be used correctly with this structure. -지 마요 and -지 마세요 are both in the standard politeness level, but -지 마세요 is more commonly used. This structure comes from 말다, which means to stop, to give or to quit.
Formation
- Verb stem + -지 마 (intimate)
- Verb stem + -지 마요/마세요 (standard)
Ex) 기다리다 (gidarida - to wait)
- 기다리 + -지 마세요 = 기다리지 마세요 (standard)
= Don't wait.
Ex) 전화하다 (jeonhwahada - to call)
- 전화하 + -지 마 = 전화하지 마 (intimate)
= Don't call.
Example Sentences
1. 도서관 안에서는 떠들지 마세요. [떠들다] (doseogwan an-eseoneun tteodeulji maseyo)
- Don't be loud in the library.
2. 수영장 안에서는 뛰지 마세요. [뛰다] (suyeongjang an-eseoneun ttwiji maseyo)
- Don't run around the pool.
3. 낮에는 술 마시지 마세요. [마시다] (naj-eneun sul masiji maseyo)
- Don't drink in the daytime.
4. 오늘은 지각하지 마세요. [지각하다] (oneul-eun jigakhaji maseyo)
- Don't be late today.
5. 너무 쉽게 약속하지 마세요. [약속하다] (neomu swipge yaksokhaji maseyo)
- Don't make a promise too easily.
We use -을/를 가지고 (-eul/leul gajigo) to mean "with/from" or "using" as in using a tool or material. We can use many other expressions to mean the same thing in Korean, but this is the most commonly used expression in colloquial situations. We can drop the object marker, 을/를. The second part of the structure, 가지고 (gajigo) comes from the verb 갖다 (gatda) which means "to have." This structure literally means, "while having something" or "with something in possession." In colloquial situations, we can also shorten 가지고 (gajigo) to 갖고 (gatgo).
Formation
Noun + (-을/를) 가지고
Examples:
1. 책 + -을 가지고 = 책을 가지고, 책 가지고 or 책 갖고
2. 돈 + -을 가지고 = 돈을 가지고, 돈 가지고 or 돈 갖고
3. 나 + -를 가지고 = 나를 가지고, 나 가지고 or 나 갖고
Example Sentences
1. 이 돈 갖고 뭘 살 수 있는데?
i don gatgo mwol sal su itneunde?
"What can you buy with this amount of money?"
2. 이거 가지고 영화 볼 수 있어요?
igeo gajigo yeong-hwa bol su isseoyo?
"Can I watch a movie with this?"
3. 이 수건 가지고 닦아.
i sugeon gajigo dakka.
"Wipe it with this towel."
When you are making an assumption that you would or would not do something if the circumstances were different, you can use this grammatical structure. -(으)면 몰라도 (-(eu)myeon mollado) literally means "you don't know if..." and it implies that you don't know what would happen or what it would be like if things were different. So we often use -으면 몰라도 (-eumyeon mollado) when we are refusing something or making negative statements, although we use it for other types of statements as well. If you translate it more naturally it means, "It wouldn't be a problem if..." or "It would be different if...."
Formation
You add -(으)면 몰라도 (-(eu)myeon mollado) at the end of a verb stem.
- 가다 (gada) - "to go"
- 가 (ga) - verb stem
- 가 + 면 몰라도 = 가면 몰라도 (gamyeon mollado)
- 오늘 가면 몰라도, 내일은 못 가.
oneul gamyeon mollado, naeil-eun mot ga.
"I would be able to go if we were to go today, but I can't go tomorrow."
Example Sentences
- 누가 도와주면 몰라도, 혼자서는 못 해요.
nuga dowajumyeon mollado, honjaseo-neun mot haeyo.
"I would be able to do it if someone helps me, but I can't do it alone." - 내가 지금 20살이면 몰라도, 이제는 안 돼.
nae-ga jigeum sumusal-imyeon mollado, ije-neun an dwae.
"It wouldn't be a problem if I was twenty years old now, but now I can't do it." - 너 혼자 가면 몰라도, 가족이랑 가는데 내가 왜 따라가?
neo honja gamyeon mollado, gajok-irang ganeunde nae-ga wae ttaraga?
"I wouldn't mind if you were to go alone, but why would I go with you if you're going with your family?"
Notes
We change the copula -이다 to -(이)면 or -(이)라면 and it is followed by 몰라도.
When you want to describe a situation where something happens "despite" something, or when you do something "in spite of" something, you can use the expression, -에도 불구하고 (-edo bulgohago). 불 means "not" and 구 means "restraining" or "captured," so 불구하고 literally means "without being captured" or "without being restrained." We attach this expression to the end of a noun, so if you want to use a verb with this expression, you need to change the verb into a noun form.
Formation
Noun + -에도 불구하고 (-edo bulguhago)
With verbs, first you need to change them into noun forms, but most commonly, you can add -ㄴ/는 데 (-n/neun de) for the present tense, and -았/었/였음 (-as/eos/yeosseum) for the past tense to the verb stem and add -에도 불구하고 (-edo bulguhago) at the end.
Example Sentences
- 바쁜 일정에도 불구하고 와 주셔서 감사합니다.
bappeun iljeong-edo bulguhago wa jusyeoseo gamsahamnida.
"Thank you for coming despite your busy schedule." - 더운 날씨에도 불구하고 사람이 정말 많았어요.
deoun nalssi-edo bulguhago saram-i jeongmal manasseoyo.
"Despite the hot weather, there were so many people." - 시간이 짧았음에도 불구하고 정말 잘 하셨어요.
sigan-i jjalbasseum-edo bulguhago jeongmal jal hasyeosseoyo.
"Despite the short period of time that was given, you did a very good job." - 여러가지 문제점에도 불구하고, 좋은 결과가 나왔어요.
yeoreogaji munjejeom-edo bulguhago, joeun gyeolgwa-ga nawasseoyo.
"In spite of many problems, we had some good results.
-에 따라(서) (-e ttara(seo)) is a structure that expresses the meaning of "depending on." This structure comes from the verb 따르다 (ttareuda), which literally means "to follow." So we can literally translate -에 따라(서) (-e ttara(seo)) as "by following," and it takes the meaning of "depending on." We can drop the last letter, 서 (seo).
Formation
Noun + -에 따라(서)
가격 (gagyeok) "price"
가격 + -에 따라서 = 가격에 따라서 (gagyeok-e ttaraseo)
가격에 따라서 크기가 달라요.
gagyeok-e ttaraseo keugi-ga dallayo.
"The sizes vary depending on the price."
Example Sentences
- 상황에 따라서 달라요.
sanghwhang-e ttaraseo dallayo.
"It depends on the situation." - 레벨에 따라서 문제가 바뀌어요.
rebel-e ttaraseo munje-ga bakkwieoyo.
"Depending on the level, the questions change." - 때에 따라 달라요.
ttae-e ttaraseo dallayo.
"It depends on the certain time." - 날씨에 따라 옷을 다르게 입어요.
nalssi-e ttara os-eul dareuge ibeoyo.
"I dress differently depending on the weather." - 요일에 따라 달라요.
yoil-e ttara dallayo.
"It depends on the day of the week."
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